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Vol. 14. Issue 3.
Pages 216-221 (January 2003)
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Vol. 14. Issue 3.
Pages 216-221 (January 2003)
Anesthetic technique and development of pneumocephalus after posterior fossa surgery in the sitting position
Técnica anestésica y neumoencéfalo tras cirugía de fosa posterior en posición sentada
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J. Hernández-Palazón
, V.N. de la Rosa-Carrillo, J.A. Tortosa
Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación. Hospital Universitario “Virgen de la Arrixaca”. Murcia
J.F. Martínez-Lage*, F. López*, M. Poza*
* Servicio de Neurocirugía. Hospital Universitario “Virgen de la Arrixaca”. Murcia
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Summary
Objective

Pneumocephalus is a well-known complication of surgical procedures performed with the patients placed in the sitting position. Its incidence and intensity were prospectively studied in 90 consecutive patients undergoing a posterior fossa procedure in this position. Various anesthetic agents, with different effects on cerebral hemodynamics, were used.

Material and Methods

Patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups. In group 1 (n=30), anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol. In group 2 (n=30), anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with isoflurane. In group 3 (n=30), anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with nitrous oxide and low-dose isoflurane. All patients received a load dose and an infusion of fentanyl. A cerebral computed tomography sean was performed to all patients 8 hours after surgery for detecting the presence and location of intracranial air. The size of pneumocephalus was ascertained using the formula for calculating the volume of a spheroid: v = π/6.x.y.z. Preoperative diagnosis, existence of shunted or non-shunted hydrocephalus, type and duration of the surgical procedure, detection of intraoperative venous air embolism, and appearance of new neurological symptoms in the postoperative period, were recorded.

Results

All patients included in the study developed postoperative pneumocephalus. There were no significant differences (P=0,133) in the estimated volume of intracranial air between the groups (group 1, volume = 38,3±35,4ml; group 2, volume = 48,9±36,3ml; group 3, volume = 31,5±28,4ml). Only two patients in the group 2 manifested symptoms of neurological involvement due to the pressure exerted by the intracranial air.

Conclusions

Despite the hypothetical diverse effects of the three anesthetic techniques used in this series on cerebral hemodynamics, our results suggest that none of them has a substantial effect on the amount of intracranial air detected after posterior fossa procedures performed in seated individuals. To the best of our knowledge this is the flrst report that addresses in a prospective manner the effects of several habitual anesthetic techniques on the development of pneumocephalus in patients submitted to posterior fossa procedures performed in the sitting position.

Key words:
Pneumocephalus
Anesthetic techniques
Posterior fossa surgery
Sitting position
Resumen
Objetivo

El neumoencéfalo es una complicación frecuente en el postoperatorio inmediato de la cirugía de la fosa posterior cuando se realiza en posición sentada. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la presencia y grado de neumoencéfalo en 90 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de fosa posterior en posición sentada, utilizando diversos agentes anestésicos con distintos efectos sobre la hemodinámica cerebral.

Material y métodos

Los pacientes fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en 3 grupos. En el grupo 1 (n=30), la anestesia fue inducida y mantenida con propofol. En el grupo 2 (n=30), la anestesia fue inducida con tiopental y mantenida con isoflurano. En el grupo 3 (n=30), la anestesia fue inducida con tiopental y mantenida con óxido nitroso e isoflurano a bajas dosis. A todos los pacientes se les realizó una TC craneal a las 8 horas de finalizada la cirugía para determinar la presencia y localización del aire intracraneal. El tamaño del neumoencéfalo fue obtenido por medio de la formula que calcula el volumen de un esferoide: v = π / 6.x.y.z. Se registró también el diagnóstico preoperatorio, la existencia de hidrocefalia con o sin derivación de líquido cefalorraquídeo, tipo y duración de la intervención, episodios de embolismo aéreo venoso, y la aparición de deterioro neurológico en el postoperatorio.

Resultados

La incidencia de neumoencéfalo en nuestro estudio fue del 100%. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p=0,133) entre los grupos en cuanto al volumen de aire intracraneal estimado: grupo 1, volumen = 38,3±35,4ml; grupo 2, volumen = 48,9±36,3ml; grupo 3, volumen = 31,5±28,4ml. Dos pacientes pertenecientes al grupo 2 presentaron neumoencéfalo a tensión.

Conclusiones

A pesar de los diferentes efectos sobre la hemodinámica cerebral de los anestésicos utilizados en nuestro estudio, los resultados obtenidos sugieren que estos no influyen en la cantidad de aire intracraneal detectado tras cirugía de fosa posterior realizada en posición sentada.

Palabras clave:
Pneumoencéfalo
Técnica anestésica
Cirugía de la fosa posterior
Posición sentada

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