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Vol. 14. Issue 1.
Pages 25-32 (January 2003)
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Vol. 14. Issue 1.
Pages 25-32 (January 2003)
Trigeminal nucleus caudalis dorsal root entry zone radiofrequency thermocoagulation for invalidating facial pain
Termocoagulación por radiofrecuencia de la zona de entrada de la raíz dorsal del nucleus caudalis trigeminal en dolor facial invalidante
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P. Delgado-López
, F. García-Salazar, O. Mateo-Sierra, R. Carrillo-Yagüe
Servicio de Neurocirugía, Clínica del Dolor Crónico. Hospital General Universitario “Gregorio Marañón”, Madrid
G. Llauradó*, E. López*
* Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital General Universitario “Gregorio Marañón”, Madrid
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Summary
Introduction

Facial pain syndromes occasionally result in desperate clinical settings completely unresponsive to any known therapy. Trigeminal nucleus caudalis dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesion is reported to be of beneflt in such cases. In 1982 Nashold performed the flrst DREZ caudalis lesion in a patient with anaesthesia dolorosa.

Patients and methods

From 1994 to 2002 we have performed six DREZ caudalis lesions on flve patients with extremely invalidating facial pain resistant to multiple pharmacological and surgical therapies. Pain was secondary to previous craniofacial surgery in all but one case. Pain presented as anaesthesia dolorosa or atypical facial pain so severe as to interfere with personal hygiene and even to prevent patients from oral feeding. A midline suboccipital approach was used and radiofrequency lesions (at the trigeminal nucleus caudalis in the cervicomedullary junction) were made at 1-mm intervals, 75°C for 15 seconds each along the ipsilateral posterolate-ral sulcus from the cervical DREZ up to the obex.

Results

Pain relief was complete and permanent in two patients. Three patients experienced signiflcant improvement but pain recurred in two (weeks to a few months after the procedure). No patient's pain was made worse. A patient with persistent postoperative nasolabial pain was re-operated on (improving again but ultimately remaining unchanged). Air venous embolism related to the sitting position (3 patients) during surgery and bradycardia due to manipulation in medulla (2 patients) occurred during some of the procedures without any cardiovascular or neurological repercussion. Postoperative complications included mild and transient ataxia and monoparesia (3 patients).

Discussion

Facial pain secondary to craniofacial surgery is known to be among the least responsive to treatment and a true challenge for pain clinicians. Actual indications for this procedure, operative technical details and the results of our series compared to previous reports are reviewed.

Conclusion

Trigeminal nucleus caudalis radiofrequency thermocoagulation is an effective neurosurgical procedure for the treatment of chronically debilitating and desperate facial pain syndromes with acceptable morbidity.

Key words:
Facial pain
DREZ
Trigeminal neuralgia
Nucleus caudalis
Neuroablative procedures
Resumen
Introducción

Los síndromes dolorosos faciales crónicos pueden generar situaciones clínicas desesperadas dada su falta de respuesta a múltiples tratamientos. Algunos de estos pacientes parecen beneficiarse de la lesión del nucleus caudalis trigeminal en la zona de entrada de la raíz dorsal (DREZ) de la unión bulbo-medular. Nashold y cois realizaron en 1982 el primer procedimiento DREZ caudalis en una paciente con anestesia dolorosa.

Pacientes y métodos

En el período 1994–2002 hemos realizado seis lesiones DREZ caudalis en cinco pacientes con dolor facial extremadamente invalidante y rebelde a múltiples tratamientos farmacológicos y quirúrgicos. El dolor fue secundario a cirugía craneofacial previa en cuatro casos. La forma de presentación del dolor fue de anestesia dolorosa o algia facial atípica tan graves como para interferir o impedir la alimentación e incluso la higiene. Se emplearon abordajes suboccipitales en línea media y se realizaron lesiones mediante radiofrecuencia en la unión bulbomedular a intervalos de 1 mm, a 75°C, durante 15 segundos a lo largo del surco posterolateral ipsilateral al dolor.

Resultados

Dos pacientes experimentaron alivio completo y permanente del dolor. Tres pacientes mejoraron de forma significativa pero sólo uno de ellos de forma duradera. Ningún paciente empeoró con el procedimiento. Un paciente fue reoperado por persistencia de dolor a nivel nasogeniano. Embolismo aéreo relacionado con la posición sentada (3 pacientes) y bradicardia (2 pacientes) por manipulación bulbar ocurrieron durante la cirugía, sin repercusión neurológica ni hemodinámica. Las complicaciones postoperatorias fueron ataxia y monoparesia leves y autolimitadas (3 pacientes).

Discusión

El dolor facial neuropático secundario a cirugía craneofacial es de los más difíciles de manejar y representa un verdadero reto para los médicos que tratan dolor crónico. En este trabajo se revisan las indicaciones actuales del procedimiento, los detalles técnicos y los resultados de la serie frente a la literatura.

Conclusión

La termocoagulación por radiofrecuencia del nucleus caudalis trigeminal es un procedimiento neuroquirúrgico efectivo, con una morbilidad aceptable, para el tratamiento de síndromes dolorosos faciales crónicos muy debilitantes.

Palabras clave:
Dolor facial
DREZ
Neuralgia del trigémino
Nucleus caudalis
Procedimientos neuroablativos

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