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Vol. 15. Issue 1.
Pages 36-42 (January 2004)
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Vol. 15. Issue 1.
Pages 36-42 (January 2004)
Craniectomía descompresiva en el tratamiento de pacientes con un traumatismo craneoencefálico grave e hipertensión intracraneal refractaria al tratamiento médico. Análisis de una serie de 4 casos
E. Spagnuolo
, G. Costa, A. Calvo, E. Johnston, A. Tarigo
Servicio de Neurología y Neurocirugía. Hospital Maciel. Montevideo. Uruguay
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Resumen

La craniectomía descompresiva, es una técnica quirúrgica conocida desde los orígenes de la neurocirugía misma; pero su uso rutinario para el tratamiento de la hipertensión endocraneana, data de fines del siglo XIX.

A partir de entonces ha habido períodos en los que tuvo auge y otros en que cayó en desuso, debido a los pobres resultados obtenidos por indicación indiscriminada y, en las últimas décadas, a causa del progreso de los tratamientos médicos en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos.

En los últimos años, se ha llamado nuevamente la atención, pero limitada a casos precisos de hipertensión endocraneana grave, sobre todo en pacientes jóvenes portadores de traumatismos de cráneo graves, sin procesos susceptibles de evacuación. También se puede realizar en pacientes jóvenes con infartos cerebrales, con grave efecto expansivo, inicial o evolutivo.

Los autores presentan cuatro casos clínicos de hipertensión endocraneana, refractaria al tratamiento médico, en pacientes jóvenes, con traumatismo de cráneo grave, en quienes se realizaron amplias craniectomías descompresivas como “maniobra de rescate”, con excelente resultado.

Se analizan los casos y se efectúa una revisión bibliográfica.

Palabras clave:
Hipertensión endocraneana
Craniectomía descompresiva
Summary

Decompressive craniotomy is a neurosurical technique known since the origin of neurosurgery, but its use as a routine started at the end of the 19th century.

In last decades, the use of decompressive craniotomy decreased, mainly because of poor results obtained and the advances in medical treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension in the Intensive Care Units.

Nevertheless, in recent years there has been a renewed interest with the use of this surgical techique in young patients with head injuries and severe intracranial hypertensión, but no surgical mass lesion, as well as in patients with ischemic stroke causing life threatening mass effect.

The authors present a series of four young patients with head injuries and “malignant” intracranial hypertension on whom wide craniotomies were performed with an excellent outcome. The literature is reviewed.

Key words:
Intracranial hypertension
Decompressive craniotomy

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