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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Alrededor del 70&#8211;80&#37; de la poblaci&#243;n presentar&#225; dolor de espalda incapacitante alg&#250;n momento en su vida como consecuencia de la Enfermedad Degenerativa Espinal &#40;EDE&#41;&#46; Los costes globales que genera la enfermedad se estiman en torno al 1&#8211;2&#37; del PIB anualmente&#46; Desde el punto de vista de la Medicina Basada en la Evidencia &#40;MBE&#41;&#44; se constata una llamativa discrepancia entre la enorme disponibilidad y creciente uso de t&#233;cnicas quir&#250;rgicas &#40;en especial de fusi&#243;n espinal&#41; y la escasa evidencia cient&#237;fica que apoya su utilizaci&#243;n&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hemos revisado cuidadosamente todos los metaan&#225;lisis referentes a tratamientos de la EDE publicados hasta Diciembre de 2003 y hemos clasificado las recomendaciones terap&#233;uticas en niveles de evidencia &#40;fuerte&#44; moderada&#44; limitada o ausencia de evidencia&#41;&#44; tanto para tratamientos quir&#250;rgicos como conservadores&#44; siguiendo las pautas de la MBE&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Identificamos 44 metaan&#225;lisis de inter&#233;s &#40;9 sobre cirug&#237;a lumbar&#44; 3 sobre cirug&#237;a cervical y 32 sobre otros tratamientos&#41;&#46; Desde el punto de vista quir&#250;rgico&#44; s&#243;lo alcanza nivel de evidencia fuerte la laminectom&#237;a precoz en s&#237;ndrome de cola de caballo por extrusi&#243;n discal&#59; la superioridad de la discectom&#237;a simple o microdiscectom&#237;a frente a quimionucleolisis en prolapso discal y espondilosis&#59; y la cirug&#237;a de fusi&#243;n &#40;en principio&#44; no instrumentada&#41; en espondilolistesis &#237;stmica del adulto o degenerativa asociada a estenosis lumbar&#46; En espondilosis cervical con radiculo y&#47;o mielopat&#237;a cervical leve&#44; la discectom&#237;a m&#225;s fusi&#243;n no supera a la discectom&#237;a simple y &#233;sta es dudosamente superior a la historia natural de la enfermedad m&#225;s all&#225; de 24 meses&#46; La utilizaci&#243;n profil&#225;ctica de antibi&#243;ticos en cirug&#237;a espinal es beneficiosa&#46; No se demuestra beneficio de la cirug&#237;a en dolor discog&#233;nico&#46; Ninguna terapia conservadora alcanza el nivel de evidencia fuerte&#46; Los antidepresivos mejoran la percepci&#243;n del dolor pero no la funcionalidad&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A pesar de que se ha doblado el porcentaje de cirug&#237;as de instrumentaci&#243;n lumbar en las &#250;ltimas dos d&#233;cadas y crece a un ritmo del 20&#37; anual&#44; no se ha demostrado de forma fehaciente una mejor&#237;a en los resultados cl&#237;nicos ni siquiera en las tasas globales de artrodesis&#46; Este llamativo incremento del uso de la cirug&#237;a en procesos diferentes a las deformidades espinales y espondilolistesis aisladas o acompa&#241;adas de estenosis del canal lumbar&#44; quiz&#225; obedece a m&#250;ltiples factores t&#233;cnicos y cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos donde no podemos obviar la enorme trascendencia econ&#243;mica que subyace&#46; Resulta crucial diferenciar qu&#233; subgrupos de pacientes con EDE se benefician claramente de la cirug&#237;a&#46; Desde el punto de vista &#233;tico empieza a plantearse la necesidad de dise&#241;ar ensayos cl&#237;nicos que incorporen placebos quir&#250;rgicos&#44; dada la escasa evidencia cient&#237;fica que apoya la cirug&#237;a espinal a d&#237;a de hoy&#46; La mayor parte de los tratamientos conservadores tienen una eficacia moderada o leve &#40;casi siempre transitoria&#41; y&#44; probablemente&#44; deban utilizarse en combinaci&#243;n&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La cirug&#237;a de la EDE se asienta sobre pilares inseguros habida cuenta de que la mayor parte de las t&#233;cnicas que se indican no est&#225;n avaladas por recomendaciones de primera clase en t&#233;rminos de MBE&#46; Parece necesario consensuar&#44; desde las organizaciones que estudian la columna degenerativa&#44; gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica en lo referente al tratamiento integral y multidisciplinado de la EDE&#44; a sabiendas que&#44; hasta hoy&#44; pocos tratamientos alteran de forma positiva y duradera la historia natural de la enfermedad&#46;</p>"
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        "titulo" => "Summary"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The lifetime prevalence of invalidating back pain in general population caused by Spinal Degenerative Disease &#40;SDD&#41; is about 70&#8211;80&#37;&#46; Global costs related to this disease are enormous &#40;1&#8211;2&#37; gross domestic product&#41;&#46; From an Evidence-based point of view&#44; there is a striking discrepancy between the use of many available surgical techniques &#40;especially for spinal fusion&#41; and the lack of scientific support&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The authors carefully reviewed all published metaanalysis on SDD therapies up to December 2003&#46; Treatment recommendations were classifled according to leveis of evidence &#40;strong&#44; mod&#233;rate&#44; mild or lack of evidence&#41; for both surgical and conservative measures&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forty-four metaanalysis were selected &#40;nine on lumbar surgery&#44; three on cervical surgery and thirty-two on other therapies&#41;&#46; Relating surgery&#44; there is strong evidence favouring early laminectomy in cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation&#59; discectomy or microdiscectomy are superior to chemonucleolysis in lumbar prolapse and spondylosis&#59; and fusion surgery &#40;probably noninstrumented&#41; in adult isthmic spondylolysthesis or degenerative spondylolys-thesis with spinal stenosis&#46; In cervical spondylosis and radiculomyelopathy&#44; discectomy seems as efective as discectomy plus fusion&#44; which does not seem to be better than untreated SDD beyond 24 months&#46; Preoperative antibiotics seem to prevent infection in spinal surgery&#46; No beneflt of surgery is demonstrated in discogenic pain&#46; None of conservative therapies are supported by strong evidence&#46; Antidepressants improve pain perception but do not influence the functional status&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Although lumbar instrumented surgery has nearly doubled over two decades and the anual growth is about 20&#37;&#44; clinical results do not seem to have improved&#44; not even global fusion rates&#46; The increasing use of fusion surgery for cases other than spinal deformities&#44; spondylolysthesis or spinal stenosis plus lysthesis may be related to multiple technical and clinical-epidemiological factors where huge flnancial and commercial interests must be considered&#46; It is crucial to differenciate subsets of patients prone to beneft from surgery&#46; It is discussed whether randomized trials incorporating sham operations are ethically justifiable&#44; because of the lack of sould evidence for many spinal procedures&#46; The efflcacy of most conservative treatments is mild or mod&#233;rate &#40;mainly transient&#41; and they should be probably used in combination&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is no strong evidence favouring most of surgical procedures for SDD from an evidence-based approach&#46; It seems neccessary that scientific organizations studying SDD cr&#233;ate clinical guidelines relating its multidisciplinary and integral management&#44; recognizing that&#44; up to now&#44; few interventions positively modify in the long-term the natural history of the disease&#46;</p>"
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Vol. 16. Núm. 2.
Páginas 142-157 (enero 2004)
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Vol. 16. Núm. 2.
Páginas 142-157 (enero 2004)
Papel de la cirugía en la enfermedad degenerativa espinal. Análisis de revisiones sistemáticas sobre tratamientos quirúrgicos y conservadores desde el punto de vista de la medicina basada en la evidencia
Role of surgery in spinal degenerative disease. Analysis of systematic reviews on surgical and conservative treatments from an evidence-based approach
Visitas
2388
P.D. Delgado-López
, A. Rodríguez-Salazar, J.M. Castilla-Diez, V. Martín-Velasco, O. Fernández-Arconada
Servicio de Neurocirugía. Hospital General Yagüe. Avda. del Cid 96. 09005 Burgos
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Introducción

Alrededor del 70–80% de la población presentará dolor de espalda incapacitante algún momento en su vida como consecuencia de la Enfermedad Degenerativa Espinal (EDE). Los costes globales que genera la enfermedad se estiman en torno al 1–2% del PIB anualmente. Desde el punto de vista de la Medicina Basada en la Evidencia (MBE), se constata una llamativa discrepancia entre la enorme disponibilidad y creciente uso de técnicas quirúrgicas (en especial de fusión espinal) y la escasa evidencia científica que apoya su utilización.

Material y métodos

Hemos revisado cuidadosamente todos los metaanálisis referentes a tratamientos de la EDE publicados hasta Diciembre de 2003 y hemos clasificado las recomendaciones terapéuticas en niveles de evidencia (fuerte, moderada, limitada o ausencia de evidencia), tanto para tratamientos quirúrgicos como conservadores, siguiendo las pautas de la MBE.

Resultados

Identificamos 44 metaanálisis de interés (9 sobre cirugía lumbar, 3 sobre cirugía cervical y 32 sobre otros tratamientos). Desde el punto de vista quirúrgico, sólo alcanza nivel de evidencia fuerte la laminectomía precoz en síndrome de cola de caballo por extrusión discal; la superioridad de la discectomía simple o microdiscectomía frente a quimionucleolisis en prolapso discal y espondilosis; y la cirugía de fusión (en principio, no instrumentada) en espondilolistesis ístmica del adulto o degenerativa asociada a estenosis lumbar. En espondilosis cervical con radiculo y/o mielopatía cervical leve, la discectomía más fusión no supera a la discectomía simple y ésta es dudosamente superior a la historia natural de la enfermedad más allá de 24 meses. La utilización profiláctica de antibióticos en cirugía espinal es beneficiosa. No se demuestra beneficio de la cirugía en dolor discogénico. Ninguna terapia conservadora alcanza el nivel de evidencia fuerte. Los antidepresivos mejoran la percepción del dolor pero no la funcionalidad.

Discusion

A pesar de que se ha doblado el porcentaje de cirugías de instrumentación lumbar en las últimas dos décadas y crece a un ritmo del 20% anual, no se ha demostrado de forma fehaciente una mejoría en los resultados clínicos ni siquiera en las tasas globales de artrodesis. Este llamativo incremento del uso de la cirugía en procesos diferentes a las deformidades espinales y espondilolistesis aisladas o acompañadas de estenosis del canal lumbar, quizá obedece a múltiples factores técnicos y clínico-epidemiológicos donde no podemos obviar la enorme trascendencia económica que subyace. Resulta crucial diferenciar qué subgrupos de pacientes con EDE se benefician claramente de la cirugía. Desde el punto de vista ético empieza a plantearse la necesidad de diseñar ensayos clínicos que incorporen placebos quirúrgicos, dada la escasa evidencia científica que apoya la cirugía espinal a día de hoy. La mayor parte de los tratamientos conservadores tienen una eficacia moderada o leve (casi siempre transitoria) y, probablemente, deban utilizarse en combinación.

Conclusiones

La cirugía de la EDE se asienta sobre pilares inseguros habida cuenta de que la mayor parte de las técnicas que se indican no están avaladas por recomendaciones de primera clase en términos de MBE. Parece necesario consensuar, desde las organizaciones que estudian la columna degenerativa, guías de práctica clínica en lo referente al tratamiento integral y multidisciplinado de la EDE, a sabiendas que, hasta hoy, pocos tratamientos alteran de forma positiva y duradera la historia natural de la enfermedad.

Palabras clave:
Dolor lumbar crónico
Discopatía degenerativa
Fusion lumbar
Instrumentación espinal
Tratamientos conservadores
Abreviaturas:
EDE
MBE
PIB
SDD
Summary
Introduction

The lifetime prevalence of invalidating back pain in general population caused by Spinal Degenerative Disease (SDD) is about 70–80%. Global costs related to this disease are enormous (1–2% gross domestic product). From an Evidence-based point of view, there is a striking discrepancy between the use of many available surgical techniques (especially for spinal fusion) and the lack of scientific support.

Methods

The authors carefully reviewed all published metaanalysis on SDD therapies up to December 2003. Treatment recommendations were classifled according to leveis of evidence (strong, modérate, mild or lack of evidence) for both surgical and conservative measures.

Results

Forty-four metaanalysis were selected (nine on lumbar surgery, three on cervical surgery and thirty-two on other therapies). Relating surgery, there is strong evidence favouring early laminectomy in cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation; discectomy or microdiscectomy are superior to chemonucleolysis in lumbar prolapse and spondylosis; and fusion surgery (probably noninstrumented) in adult isthmic spondylolysthesis or degenerative spondylolys-thesis with spinal stenosis. In cervical spondylosis and radiculomyelopathy, discectomy seems as efective as discectomy plus fusion, which does not seem to be better than untreated SDD beyond 24 months. Preoperative antibiotics seem to prevent infection in spinal surgery. No beneflt of surgery is demonstrated in discogenic pain. None of conservative therapies are supported by strong evidence. Antidepressants improve pain perception but do not influence the functional status.

Discussion

Although lumbar instrumented surgery has nearly doubled over two decades and the anual growth is about 20%, clinical results do not seem to have improved, not even global fusion rates. The increasing use of fusion surgery for cases other than spinal deformities, spondylolysthesis or spinal stenosis plus lysthesis may be related to multiple technical and clinical-epidemiological factors where huge flnancial and commercial interests must be considered. It is crucial to differenciate subsets of patients prone to beneft from surgery. It is discussed whether randomized trials incorporating sham operations are ethically justifiable, because of the lack of sould evidence for many spinal procedures. The efflcacy of most conservative treatments is mild or modérate (mainly transient) and they should be probably used in combination.

Conclusions

There is no strong evidence favouring most of surgical procedures for SDD from an evidence-based approach. It seems neccessary that scientific organizations studying SDD créate clinical guidelines relating its multidisciplinary and integral management, recognizing that, up to now, few interventions positively modify in the long-term the natural history of the disease.

Key words:
Low back pain
Degenerative disc disease
Lumbar fusion
Spinal instrumentation
Conservative treatments

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