array:24 [
  "pii" => "S2529849617300515"
  "issn" => "25298496"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.neucie.2017.12.002"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-01-01"
  "aid" => "301"
  "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U.. All rights reserved"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2017"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Neurocirugia. 2018;29:9-17"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 1
    "HTML" => 1
  ]
  "Traduccion" => array:1 [
    "es" => array:19 [
      "pii" => "S1130147317300994"
      "issn" => "11301473"
      "doi" => "10.1016/j.neucir.2017.08.004"
      "estado" => "S300"
      "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-01-01"
      "aid" => "301"
      "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía"
      "documento" => "article"
      "crossmark" => 1
      "subdocumento" => "fla"
      "cita" => "Neurocirugia. 2018;29:9-17"
      "abierto" => array:3 [
        "ES" => false
        "ES2" => false
        "LATM" => false
      ]
      "gratuito" => false
      "lecturas" => array:2 [
        "total" => 19
        "formatos" => array:2 [
          "HTML" => 18
          "PDF" => 1
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:13 [
        "idiomaDefecto" => true
        "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Investigaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica</span>"
        "titulo" => "Definici&#243;n cl&#237;nico-patol&#243;gica de los subtipos de epilepsia temporal medial con esclerosis del hipocampo"
        "tienePdf" => "es"
        "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es"
        "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
          0 => "es"
          1 => "en"
        ]
        "paginas" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "paginaInicial" => "9"
            "paginaFinal" => "17"
          ]
        ]
        "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
          "en" => array:1 [
            "titulo" => "Clinical and pathological definition of temporal medium epilepsy subtypes with hypocampic sclerosis"
          ]
        ]
        "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
          "es" => true
          "en" => true
        ]
        "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "contienePdf" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
          "original" => 0
          "multimedia" => array:7 [
            "identificador" => "fig0010"
            "etiqueta" => "Figura 2"
            "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
            "mostrarFloat" => true
            "mostrarDisplay" => false
            "figura" => array:1 [
              0 => array:4 [
                "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
                "Alto" => 2161
                "Ancho" => 2334
                "Tamanyo" => 574632
              ]
            ]
            "descripcion" => array:1 [
              "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hallazgos histol&#243;gicos en la esclerosis hipocampal &#40;EH&#41;&#46; A&#41; EH cl&#225;sica NeuNx02&#46; Hipocampo con distorsi&#243;n organizativa e intensa atrofia de la capa granular del giro dentado &#40;GD&#41;&#44; p&#233;rdida neuronal masiva en &#225;rea CA4 &#40;con conservaci&#243;n relativa de las neuronas grandes y p&#233;rdida &#62; 80&#37;&#41;&#44; afectaci&#243;n leve de CA3 donde se evidencia una p&#233;rdida &#60; 40&#37;&#44; conservaci&#243;n relativa de CA2 &#40;p&#233;rdida &#60; 20&#37; de las neuronas&#41; y afectaci&#243;n focal de CA1 con un &#225;rea de atrofia total &#40;p&#233;rdida neuronal superior al 80&#37;&#41;&#46; B&#41; EH severa&#46; NeuN&#58; hipocampo con asimetr&#237;a del GD con heterotopia neuronal moderada en la capa molecular y dispersi&#243;n nodular en uno de sus extremos&#46; Intensa depleci&#243;n neuronal en las &#225;reas CA4&#44; CA3 y CA1 &#40;&#62; 80&#37; en las tres zonas&#41; de Lorente de N&#243; y leve&#47;moderada en CA2 &#40;&#60; 30&#37;&#41;&#46; C&#41; EH tipo CA4 &#40;&#171;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">end folium</span>&#187;&#41;&#58; C1&#41; HE x01&#58; hipocampo con aparente conservaci&#243;n de su estructura que muestra GD algo hipotr&#243;fico&#44; sin dispersi&#243;n granular&#44; con aparente p&#233;rdida neuronal en &#225;rea CA4&#46; C2&#41; NeuN x02&#58; realce del &#225;rea CA4&#44; en el que se evidencia una p&#233;rdida neuronal en torno al 70&#37;&#46; El resto de &#225;reas no mostraron atrofia significativa&#46; D&#41; EH tipo CA1&#46; NeuN x01&#58; hipocampo con conservaci&#243;n parcial de su arquitectura&#44; con presencia de GD bien constituido y sin depleci&#243;n neuronal significativa&#44; conservaci&#243;n de estructura y celularidad de las &#225;reas CA4&#44; CA3 y CA2 y marcada depleci&#243;n &#40;&#62; 70&#37;&#41; en CA1&#46; E&#41; EH no clasificable&#46; NeuN&#58; hipocampo con atrofia generalizada&#44; adelgazamientos focales del GD y p&#233;rdida de neuronas&#46; No puede ser valorada la composici&#243;n exacta de las &#225;reas de Lorente de N&#243; por fragmentaci&#243;n&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "autoresLista" => "Gonzalo Olivares-Granados, Rosa Mar&#237;a R&#237;os-Pelegrina, Jes&#250;s Ruiz-Gim&#233;nez, Alberto Gald&#243;n-Castillo, Teresa Escobar-Delgado, Raimundo Garc&#237;a del Moral"
            "autores" => array:6 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Gonzalo"
                "apellidos" => "Olivares-Granados"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Rosa Mar&#237;a"
                "apellidos" => "R&#237;os-Pelegrina"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Jes&#250;s"
                "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Gim&#233;nez"
              ]
              3 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Alberto"
                "apellidos" => "Gald&#243;n-Castillo"
              ]
              4 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Teresa"
                "apellidos" => "Escobar-Delgado"
              ]
              5 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Raimundo"
                "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a del Moral"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
      "Traduccion" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:9 [
          "pii" => "S2529849617300515"
          "doi" => "10.1016/j.neucie.2017.12.002"
          "estado" => "S300"
          "subdocumento" => ""
          "abierto" => array:3 [
            "ES" => false
            "ES2" => false
            "LATM" => false
          ]
          "gratuito" => false
          "lecturas" => array:1 [
            "total" => 0
          ]
          "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
          "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2529849617300515?idApp=UINPBA00004B"
        ]
      ]
      "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130147317300994?idApp=UINPBA00004B"
      "url" => "/11301473/0000002900000001/v1_201801120511/S1130147317300994/v1_201801120511/es/main.assets"
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S2529849617300576"
    "issn" => "25298496"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.neucie.2017.08.002"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-01-01"
    "aid" => "295"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Neurocirugia. 2018;29:18-24"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Clinical Research</span>"
      "titulo" => "Thrombotic and haemorrhagic complications in patients with cerebral aneurysms treated by endovascular approach and their association with the use of antiplatelet agents&#58; Descriptive evaluation"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "18"
          "paginaFinal" => "24"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Complicaciones tromb&#243;ticas y hemorr&#225;gicas en pacientes con aneurismas cerebrales tratados por v&#237;a endovascular y su relaci&#243;n con el uso de antiagregantes plaquetarios&#58; evaluaci&#243;n descriptiva"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Juan Carlos Puentes, Silvia Tatiana Quintero, Lu&#237;s Felipe Uriza, Maria Alejandra Rueda, Adriana Piedrahita, Victor Contreras"
          "autores" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Juan Carlos"
              "apellidos" => "Puentes"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Silvia Tatiana"
              "apellidos" => "Quintero"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Lu&#237;s Felipe"
              "apellidos" => "Uriza"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Maria Alejandra"
              "apellidos" => "Rueda"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Adriana"
              "apellidos" => "Piedrahita"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Victor"
              "apellidos" => "Contreras"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S1130147317300933"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.neucir.2017.08.002"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => false
          "ES2" => false
          "LATM" => false
        ]
        "gratuito" => false
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130147317300933?idApp=UINPBA00004B"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2529849617300576?idApp=UINPBA00004B"
    "url" => "/25298496/0000002900000001/v2_201803130531/S2529849617300576/v2_201803130531/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S2529849617300503"
    "issn" => "25298496"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.neucie.2017.12.001"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-01-01"
    "aid" => "304"
    "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a&#44; S&#46;L&#46;U&#46;"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Neurocirugia. 2018;29:1-8"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Clinical Research</span>"
      "titulo" => "Brain injury knowledge in family members of neurosurgical patients"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "1"
          "paginaFinal" => "8"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Conocimiento sobre da&#241;o cerebral adquirido en familiares de pacientes neuroquir&#250;rgicos"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0015"
          "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 2160
              "Ancho" => 2167
              "Tamanyo" => 123392
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Graphical representation of the association of responses to the ABI questionnaire from the non-university education subgroup&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Blanca Navarro-Main, Ana M&#46; Casta&#241;o-Le&#243;n, Pablo M&#46; Munarriz, Pedro A&#46; G&#243;mez, Marcos Rios-Lago, Alfonso Lagares"
          "autores" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Blanca"
              "apellidos" => "Navarro-Main"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Ana M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Casta&#241;o-Le&#243;n"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Pablo M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Munarriz"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Pedro A&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "G&#243;mez"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Marcos"
              "apellidos" => "Rios-Lago"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Alfonso"
              "apellidos" => "Lagares"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S1130147317301173"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.neucir.2017.09.007"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => false
          "ES2" => false
          "LATM" => false
        ]
        "gratuito" => false
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130147317301173?idApp=UINPBA00004B"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2529849617300503?idApp=UINPBA00004B"
    "url" => "/25298496/0000002900000001/v2_201803130531/S2529849617300503/v2_201803130531/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:20 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Clinical Research</span>"
    "titulo" => "Clinical and pathological definition of temporal medium epilepsy subtypes with hypocampic sclerosis"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "9"
        "paginaFinal" => "17"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Gonzalo Olivares-Granados, Rosa Mar&#237;a R&#237;os-Pelegrina, Jes&#250;s Ruiz-Gim&#233;nez, Alberto Gald&#243;n-Castillo, Teresa Escobar-Delgado, Raimundo Garc&#237;a del Moral"
        "autores" => array:6 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Gonzalo"
            "apellidos" => "Olivares-Granados"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "gonzalo&#46;olivares&#46;sspa&#64;juntadeandalucia&#46;es"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Rosa Mar&#237;a"
            "apellidos" => "R&#237;os-Pelegrina"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Jes&#250;s"
            "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Gim&#233;nez"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Alberto"
            "apellidos" => "Gald&#243;n-Castillo"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0020"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Teresa"
            "apellidos" => "Escobar-Delgado"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          5 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Raimundo"
            "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a del Moral"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Unidad de Gesti&#243;n Cl&#237;nica de Neurocirug&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves&#44; Granada&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Unidad de Gesti&#243;n Cl&#237;nica Provincial Intercentros de Anatom&#237;a Patol&#243;gica de Granada&#44; Hospitales de Granada&#44; Granada&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Unidad de Gesti&#243;n Cl&#237;nica de Neurolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves&#44; Granada&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "c"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Unidad de Gesti&#243;n Cl&#237;nica de Neurofisiolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves&#44; Granada&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "d"
            "identificador" => "aff0020"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Definici&#243;n cl&#237;nico-patol&#243;gica de los subtipos de epilepsia temporal medial con esclerosis del hipocampo"
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2161
            "Ancho" => 2334
            "Tamanyo" => 570551
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histological findings in hippocampal sclerosis &#40;HS&#41;&#46; &#40;A&#41; Classic HS NeuN x02&#46; Hippocampus with organizational distortion and intense atrophy of the granular layer of the dentate gyrus &#40;DG&#41;&#44; massive neuronal loss in CA4 &#40;with relative conservation of large neurons and &#62;80&#37; loss&#41;&#44; mild CA3 involvement with &#60;40&#37; loss&#44; relative conservation of CA2 &#40;neuronal loss &#60;20&#37;&#41; and focal involvement of CA1 with an area of total atrophy &#40;neuronal loss greater than 80&#37;&#41;&#46; &#40;B&#41; Severe HS&#46; NeuN&#58; hippocampus with DG asymmetry with moderate neuronal heterotopia in the molecular layer and nodular dispersion and one end&#46; Intense neuronal loss in Lorente de N&#243; CA4&#44; CA3 and CA1 regions &#40;&#62;80&#37; in the three zones&#41; and mild&#47;moderate loss in CA2 &#40;&#60;30&#37;&#41;&#46; &#40;C&#41; CA4 HS &#40;&#8220;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">end folium</span>&#8221;&#41;&#58; &#40;C1&#41; HS x01&#58; hippocampus with initially conserved architecture showing somewhat hypotrophic DG&#44; no granular dispersion&#44; with apparent neuronal loss in CA4&#46; &#40;C2&#41; NeuN x02&#58; enhancement of CA4&#44; which shows neuronal loss of around 70&#37;&#46; The other regions showed no significant atrophy&#46; &#40;D&#41; CA1 HS&#46; NeuN x01&#58; hippocampus with partially conserved architecture&#44; with well-formed DG and no significant neuronal loss&#44; conserved architecture and cellularity in CA4&#44; CA3 and CA2&#44; and marked neuronal loss &#40;&#62;70&#37;&#41; in CA1&#46; &#40;E&#41; Unclassifiable HS NeuN&#58; hippocampus with generalized atrophy&#44; focal thinning of the DG and neuronal loss&#46; Due to fragmentation&#44; the exact composition of the Lorente de N&#243; areas cannot be assessed&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epilepsy affects approximately 1&#37; of the population in our setting &#40;WHO&#44; 2005&#41;&#46; In Spain it is estimated to affect between 200&#44;000 and 230&#44;000 people&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Epilepsy-associated health costs are calculated at &#8364;1106 million&#44; 4&#46;13&#37; of the healthcare budget in 2000&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Despite the introduction of new drugs&#44; 30&#8211;40&#37; of patients have seizures that cannot be controlled with medication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis &#40;MTLE-HS&#41; is the most frequent cause of refractory epilepsy&#44; and the most common indication for surgery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Although surgery has been shown to be effective&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> early or late recurrence occurs in up to 40&#37; of patients&#44; and is associated with worsening of comorbidities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is some evidence that histopathological differences may also influence outcomes&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> with atypical patterns being associated with the worst prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> So far&#44; however&#44; all attempts to establish a consistent and accepted correlation between histological subtypes and prediction of postoperative seizure control have failed&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2007&#44; Blumcke et al&#46; proposed a classification system based on the semiquantitative measurement of hippocampal CA1&#8211;CA4 neuronal loss&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The 5 groups established by these authors &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; replaced the previous groups created in 1992 and 1996&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A new consensus classification that establishes 3 patterns was validated by an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ad hoc</span> group from the ILAE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> It is based on standard staining used to determine neuronal loss&#44; and can therefore be used in any center &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several authors have reported better prognosis of seizure control in patients with ILAE type 1&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;14</span></a> taking in account precipitating injuries&#44; and shorter duration of epilepsy with type 2&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Other authors associate type 1 with longer duration of epilepsy and type 2 with better prognosis for long-term seizure control&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been suggested that seizure semiology and neurophysiological findings are defined by the location of the epileptogenic area&#44; rather than by the nature of the pathological substrate&#44; which could explain why surgery fails in so many cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study is to correlate the different anatomopathological MTLE-HS subtypes and cell loss in the different areas of the hippocampus determined by NeuN immunohistochemical staining with symptoms&#44; prognosis for seizure control&#44; withdrawal of drugs&#44; and postoperative side effects&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We retrospectively analyzed the clinical histories and anatomopathological samples of 228 patients with temporal epilepsy who underwent surgery at our center between 1993 and 2014&#46; After excluding patients not diagnosed with MTLE-HS and those with no clinical data or with inadequate follow-up&#44; we obtained a study population of 140 patients&#44; 72 men &#40;51&#46;4&#37;&#41; and 68 women &#40;48&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; All patients underwent a standard presurgical evaluation&#44; which included&#58; detailed clinical history taken by an epileptologist&#44; specific cranial MRI&#44; intercritical EEG studies&#44; video EEG&#44; intercritical SPECT&#8211;PCR &#40;pre-2002 studies&#41; and&#47;or brain 18-F fluordeoxyglucose positron emission tomography &#40;PET&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;20</span></a> and a neuropsychological evaluation &#40;previously described by our group&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Following this&#44; the cases were discussed by an epilepsy committee&#44; and those who were considered candidates for surgery were asked to give their informed consent&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The technique of choice in our unit is a slightly modified version of Spencer&#39;s anterior temporal lobe resection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Samples taken from the neocortex&#44; temporal operculum&#44; uncus&#44; amygdala and hippocampus were sent for histological examination&#46; Perioperative care protocols in place in our unit include&#58; corticosteroids&#44; antibiotic prophylaxis&#44; prevention of deep vein thrombosis&#44; early reintroduction of antiseizure medication and&#44; when necessary&#44; intravenous anticonvulsants&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mean follow-up time was 104&#46;17 months&#44; with a standard deviation of 56&#46;60 months&#46; Postoperative follow-up targets were&#58; detection of surgery-related adverse events&#59; evaluation of seizure control after surgery using the Engel and ILAE classification systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0015">Tables 3 and 4</a>&#41;&#59; evaluation of surgical outcomes in terms of quality of life&#59; readjustment of antiepileptic treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Samples from 214 patients were sent for histopathological study&#44; the great majority from patients undergoing temporal lobectomy with tonsillectomy and unilateral hypocamptectomy&#46; In addition to hematoxylin&#8211;eosin and PAS stains&#44; the following were evaluated&#58; NeuN &#40;MAD-000468QD&#41;&#44; Nestin &#40;MAD-005062QD&#41;&#44; CD34 &#40;MAD-001613QD&#41;&#44; calretinin &#40;MAD-000315QD&#41;&#44; glial fibrillary acidic protein &#40;MAD-000716QD&#41;&#44; myelin basic protein &#40;MAD-002259QD&#41;&#44; SOX-2 &#40;MAD-000521QD&#41;&#44; neurofilaments &#40;MAD-000384QD&#41; and microtubule-associated protein 2 &#40;MAD-000527QD&#41;&#46; Immunocytochemical staining was performed using the universal immunoperoxidase polymer method from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Master Diagnostica</span> &#40;Master Polymer Plus Detection System &#40;Peroxidase&#41; &#40;Incl&#46; DAB Chromogen&#41;&#44; ref&#46; MAD-000237QK&#41;&#46; The histological sections were interpreted by neuropathologists&#46; Estimation of neuronal loss was based on NeuN staining&#44; since its expression is restricted to the nuclei of post mitotic&#44; pericardium and proximal neuronal processes&#44; which facilitated quantitative determination of the percentage of neuronal loss&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the descriptive analysis&#44; numerical variables are expressed as mean and standard deviation&#44; and categorical variables as absolute and relative frequencies&#46; In the bivariate analysis&#44; possible relationships between qualitative variables were analyzed using Pearson&#39;s chi-squared test or Fisher&#39;s test when applicability criteria were not met&#46; Numerical variables were analyzed using the Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test&#44; or the Mann&#8211;Whitney test for nonparametric data&#46; When more than 2 groups were analyzed&#44; the Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test was used&#46; The normality of the data was contrasted with the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test&#46; A multivariate logistic regression model was used to predict seizure control&#59; variables shown to be statistically significant in the bivariate analysis were considered predictors&#46; Variables were selected using backward stepwise elimination&#46; At each step&#44; the inclusion criterion was defined as a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value of &#60;0&#46;05 and exclusion as a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value of &#60;0&#46;1&#46; The OR and the 95&#37; confidence interval were calculated for each variable&#46; The ROC curve and the area under the curve were calculated to determine the predictive capacity of the model&#46; In all cases&#44; significance was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60;0&#46;05&#46; The data were analyzed with the SPSS v&#46; 19 statistics program&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The average age at the time of surgery was 37&#46;17 years &#40;15&#8211;70 years&#41;&#46; The average duration of epilepsy&#44; calculated as the difference between age at the time of surgery and age at onset of epilepsy&#44; was 23&#46;71 years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;28&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Seizure control</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seizure control was evaluated using the ILAE scale at the first follow-up visit&#44; at 1 year&#44; and at 2&#44; 5&#44; 7 and 10 years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; At 10 years of follow-up&#44; 67&#46;9&#37; of patients were seizure-free &#40;ILAE 1&#41;&#44; and 7&#46;4&#37; presented only partial seizures&#46; The modified Engel scale was used to evaluate seizure control at the last follow-up visit&#46; According to this scale&#44; 77&#46;5&#37; of patients were Engel 1&#44; and 93&#46;7&#37; were Engel 1 and 2&#46; Recurrence of epilepsy&#44; defined as the reappearance of seizures after at least 1 seizure-free year&#44; was observed in 27&#46;7&#37; of patients&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the clinical variables studied &#40;sex&#44; age at onset of seizures&#44; duration of epilepsy&#44; family history&#44; more than 1 type of seizure&#41;&#44; only the presence of a past history of epilepsy was associated with better postoperative prognosis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;049&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Surgery-related complications</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The intervention was generally well tolerated in terms of peri-surgical morbidity&#46; Meningism &#40;14&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; with fever and headache but no infection&#44; was treated with corticosteroids and&#44; occasionally&#44; evacuating puncture&#46; Four patients &#40;3&#37;&#41; presented meningitis&#46; Eight patients &#40;6&#37;&#41; presented focal neurologic deficits&#44; usually in the form of transient language disorder &#40;nominal dysphasia&#41;&#46; Five patients &#40;3&#46;7&#37;&#41; presented local problems related to the surgical wound&#46; In terms of established deficits &#40;sequelae&#41;&#44; visual field affectation was the most frequent&#44; affecting 22&#46;1&#37; of patients&#46; No statistically significant differences between pre- and postoperative results of neuropsychological examinations&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Neuropathological findings</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 221 patients from whom samples were collected&#44; 141 were definitively diagnosed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0025">Tables 5 and 6</a>&#41;&#44; with classic &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41; and severe &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41; HS subtypes&#44; both corresponding to ILAE type 1&#58; CA1 HS or ILAE 2 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>D&#41; and CA4 HS or ILAE 3 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#41;&#46; Samples that&#44; despite showing definite areas of neuronal loss&#44; cannot be included in any of the categories established in our series due to fragmentation&#44; incorrect preparation&#44; or incomplete resection&#44; were classified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">unclassifiable HS</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>E&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The remaining 80 patients showed tumoral lesions &#40;34&#41;&#44; vascular lesions &#40;11&#41;&#44; cortical dysplasia &#40;14&#41;&#44; and other lesions &#40;cysts&#44; atrophy&#44; gliosis with no atrophy&#44; encephalitis&#44; hamartomas&#41; &#40;10&#41;&#46; No histological lesions were found in 11 cases&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The likelihood of remaining seizure-free &#40;ILAE 1&#41; at 2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;042&#41;&#44; 5 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and 7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;022&#41; years post surgery was greater in the classic and severe forms compared to isolated CA1 and CA4 sclerosis&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; the results indicate that greater neuronal loss measured with NeuN correlates with better seizure control&#46; The bivariate analysis showed a relationship between neuronal loss in CA3 measured with NeuN and postoperative outcomes&#58; patients with greater neuronal loss in CA3 were more likely to be seizure-free &#40;ILAE 1&#41; at the first &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;027&#41; and at the 1-year &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;009&#41; follow-up visit&#46; Similarly&#44; the likelihood of remaining seizure-free 2 years after surgery was associated with greater neuronal loss in CA1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;010&#41;&#44; CA2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;022&#41; and CA3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41;&#46; At 5 years&#44; it was associated with greater neuronal loss in CA1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;013&#41;&#44; CA2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;008&#41;&#44; CA3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;005&#41; and CA4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41;&#46; At 10 years&#44; it was associated with greater neuronal loss in CA1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#44; CA2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;022&#41;&#44; CA3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;008&#41; and CA4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; We also observed a relationship between postoperative seizure control at the end of follow-up&#44; class 1 on the Engel scale&#44; and greater neuronal loss in CA1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;011&#41;&#44; CA2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;034&#41;&#44; CA3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;036&#41; and CA4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;032&#41;&#46; The multivariate analysis showed that greater neuronal loss in CA1 predicted better seizure control &#40;Engel 1&#41; at the end of follow-up &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;08&#41;&#44; with an OR of 1&#46;026&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of histological variables&#44; only neuronal loss in CA1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;036&#41; and CA3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;038&#41; correlated inversely with lower consumption of anticonvulsants after surgery&#46; In terms of the clinical variables studied&#44; the bivariate analysis showed that patients with a past history of epilepsy-related diseases &#40;perinatal or developmental history&#44; head trauma&#44; CNS infections and febrile seizures&#41;&#44; and specifically those with a history of CNS infection &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;020&#41;&#44; were more likely to tolerate withdrawal of anticonvulsants &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A past history of epilepsy was also associated with greater neuronal loss in CA1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;028&#41; and CA3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;034&#41;&#44; measured with NeuN&#44; and the presence of auras was associated with greater neuronal loss in CA3&#44; measured with NeuN &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;025&#41;&#46; Pre- and postoperative changes in free recall scores were inversely related to neuronal loss in CA1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;023&#41;&#44; CA2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;049&#41; and CA3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;035&#41;&#46; Similarly&#44; worse scores on the Rey&#8211;Osterrieth complex figure test were inversely related to neuronal loss in CA1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;046&#41; and CA2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;031&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our series&#44; the likelihood of remaining seizure-free with impaired awareness after surgery was 77&#46;8&#37; at 1 year&#44; 71&#46;2&#37; at 5 years&#44; and 75&#46;3&#37; at 10 years &#40;ILAE 1&#8211;2&#41;&#46; Using the modified Engel&#39;s classification&#44; the likelihood of being classed as grade <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> was 77&#46;5&#37; at the end of follow-up&#46; In studies prior to 1991&#44; the likelihood of being seizure-free &#40;Engel 1&#41; was 61&#46;6&#37; &#40;32&#46;8&#8211;85&#37;&#41; with a 95&#37; CI of 55&#46;3&#8211;67&#46;9&#37;&#46; In studies after 1991&#44; the mean was 76&#46;5&#37; &#40;64&#46;1&#8211;92&#46;9&#37;&#41; with a 95&#37; CI of 71&#46;9&#8211;81&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The literature review published by Tellez-Zenteno included 40 studies evaluating temporal epilepsy&#59; the likelihood of being seizure-free was 66&#37; with a 95&#37; CI of 62&#8211;70&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The only randomized study comparing surgical treatment with medical treatment reported that 64&#37; of patients achieved Engel grade <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> at 1 year of surgery&#46; However&#44; only 70&#37; of these patients were diagnosed with MTLE-HS&#46; In a further randomized study published later by Engel et al&#46;&#44; the authors reported a 73&#37; likelihood of being seizure-free at 2 years of follow-up&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis of the results based on the evaluation performed using the ILAE scale during follow-up visits has thrown up some conflicting results&#44; such as better seizure control at 10 years &#40;75&#46;3&#37;&#41; compared to 7 years &#40;64&#37;&#41; or at 5 years compared to 2 years&#46; Although Engel&#39;s classification is widely used&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> some drawbacks have been noted&#46; The ILAE developed a new scale that has since become widely disseminated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> In our series&#44; we used the ILAE scale to evaluate seizure control during follow-up&#46; However&#44; we believe that this scale can be greatly influenced by postoperative pharmacological management&#44; and particularly&#44; by tapering of antiepileptic drugs&#46; In our opinion&#44; applying the modified Engel scale at the end of follow-up gives a clearer picture of the impact of surgery on seizure control in each individual patient&#46; Nonetheless&#44; studies have found excellent inter-rater agreement between both scales&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; medication was suspended after surgery in 59&#46;3&#37; of patients&#46; Of these&#44; 23 patients resumed treatment with anticonvulsants due to seizure recurrence&#46; In our study&#44; seizures recurrence occurred in 27&#46;7&#37; of patients in whom anticonvulsants had been suspended&#46; By the end of follow-up&#44; 29 &#40;24&#37;&#41; patients remained drug-free&#46; Other seizure-free patients refused complete withdrawal of anticonvulsants&#44; generally for social reasons &#40;for example&#44; obtaining a driving license&#41;&#46; The percentage of seizure-free and drug-free patients is similar to that reported in the literature&#44; and shows the percentage of completely cured patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> In our series&#44; the likelihood of becoming drug-free was associated with a past history of epilepsy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41; and&#44; inversely&#44; to neuronal loss in CA1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;036&#41; and CA3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;038&#41;&#44; both variables related to the seizure control endpoint&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The classification of MTLE-HS into subtypes is justified if it correlates with certain clinical characteristics or outcomes&#46; Although this is controversial in the literature&#44; the data suggest that the classic and severe forms &#40;grouped in the ILAE 1 subtype&#41; are associated with better prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;14</span></a> Our findings also point in this direction&#58; at 5 years&#44; the classic &#40;76&#46;9&#37; seizure-free&#41; and severe &#40;80&#37; seizure-free&#41; subtypes had a better prognosis for seizure control compared to atypical forms &#40;12&#46;5&#37; seizure-free&#41;&#46; This difference is statistically highly significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Interestingly&#44; we were able to establish a clear correlation between neuronal loss&#44; particularly in CA1 &#40;multivariate analysis&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;008&#41; and seizure control at the end of follow-up&#46; Gliosis and neuronal loss are also key factors in the pathophysiology of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Determining neuronal loss in the different CA regions by means of brain MRI study is of great importance&#44; as it can predict both the histological type and postoperative seizure control outcomes prior to surgery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a> In our series&#44; 25&#46;4&#37; of patients presented unclassifiable MTLE-HS&#46; In 2013&#44; Blumcke and Thom et al&#46; evaluated the benefits of using &#8220;probable HS&#8221; to describe the existence of sclerosis in CA1 and &#8220;possible HS&#8221; when sclerosis is detected in CA4&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Due to the poor inter-rater agreement obtained in their series&#44; we decided not to include these diagnostic categories&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conclusions</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; one of the largest &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>140&#41; with the longest follow-up &#40;mean 8&#46;6 years&#41; of all those published to date&#44; we present the results of our evaluation of surgical treatment of MTLE-HS The same presurgical evaluation&#44; follow-up evaluation&#44; neuropathology studies and surgical techniques were used in all patients&#46; The different clinical and pathological MTLE-HS subtypes were characterized using immunohistochemical &#40;IHC&#41; methods&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main conclusions drawn are&#58; &#40;1&#41; We have validated the usefulness of the ILAE consensus classification of HS histological subtypes in clinical practice&#44; and have shown that the classic and severe forms &#40;ILAE 1&#41; are associated with a better prognosis than atypical forms&#46; &#40;2&#41; We have shown that IHC is a key element in determining the prognosis for postoperative seizure control in MTLE-HS&#58; greater neuronal loss in CA1 is a predictive factor of good long-term seizure control&#46; &#40;3&#41; We have established the value of IHC as a neuropsychological prognostic tool&#58; patients with less neuronal loss in CA1 measured with NeuN present greater postoperative impairment of verbal and visual memory&#46; &#40;4&#41; We have validated the excellent long-term results of surgical treatment for MTLE-HS&#44; with 77&#46;5&#37; of patients achieving seizure control at the end of the follow-up&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study also opens up new lines of research for the future&#44; specifically&#44; evaluating the prognostic role of other IHC markers&#44; such as CD34&#44; nestin or SOX2&#44; in our series&#46; It would be of great value to establish clinical&#44; imaging and laboratory variables that could predict neuropathological hippocampal findings and facilitate preoperative prognosis in these patients&#46; In this respect&#44; the correlation between high-field MRI and histological findings is an important area of research in the future&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:11 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres999455"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
              "titulo" => "Background and objective"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
              "titulo" => "Patients and method"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0015"
              "titulo" => "Results"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0020"
              "titulo" => "Conclusions"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec962617"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres999456"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0025"
              "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivo"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0030"
              "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todo"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0035"
              "titulo" => "Resultados"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0040"
              "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec962618"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Seizure control"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Surgery-related complications"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Neuropathological findings"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2017-05-31"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-08-24"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec962617"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Hippocampal sclerosis"
            1 => "Temporal lobe epilepsy"
            2 => "Memory"
            3 => "Neuropathology"
            4 => "Immunohistochemistry"
            5 => "Surgery"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec962618"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Esclerosis hipocampal"
            1 => "Epilepsia temporal"
            2 => "Memoria"
            3 => "Neuropatolog&#237;a"
            4 => "Inmunohistoqu&#237;mica"
            5 => "Cirug&#237;a"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is the most common cause of refractory epilepsy&#44; and the most common indication for surgery&#46; Although effective&#44; surgery fails in up to 40&#37; of patients&#46; The objective of our study was to establish a correlation between the different histological subtypes of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and the prognosis&#44; seizures control&#44; side effects and anticonvulsivant drug withdrawal in patients with refractory epilepsy&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical histories and anatomopathological specimens of 228 patients with temporal epilepsy surgically obtained at our hospital between 1993 and 2014 were retrospectively analyzed&#46; All patients underwent a standard preoperative evaluation and anterior temporal resection &#40;modified from Spencer&#41;&#46; The anatomopathological study included the standard hematoxylin&#8211;eosin and immunohistochemical protocol&#44; with special interest in the assessment of neuronal loss with NeuN&#46; Seizure control was assessed according to the scale of results of the ILAE and Engel&#46; The mean follow-up was 8&#46;6 years &#40;2&#8211;19&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">At 10 years after the intervention&#44; 67&#46;9&#37; of patients were seizure-free &#40;ILAE 1&#41; and as many as 77&#46;5&#37; of the patients were seizure-free &#40;Engel 1&#41; at the end of the follow-up&#46; The probability of not having a seizure &#40;ILAE 1&#41; after surgery at 2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;042&#41;&#44; 5 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and 7 years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;22&#41; was higher in classic and severe forms compared to isolated sclerosis CA1 and CA4 forms&#46; Higher neuronal loss measured with the NeuN immunostain in CA1 was associated with better outcome in seizure management &#40;multivariate analysis&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;08&#41;&#46; The presence of a personal history of epilepsy was associated with greater neuronal loss in CA1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;028&#41; and CA3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;034&#41;&#44; and the presence of psychic auras was related with greater neuronal loss in CA3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;025&#41;&#46; In our case&#44; the probability of medication withdrawal was related to the presence of personal history &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41; and&#44; inversely&#44; to neuronal loss in CA1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;036&#41; and CA3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;038&#41;&#46; The greatest impairment of verbal memory occurred in those patients with a lower neuronal loss in CA1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;023&#41;&#44; CA2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;049&#41; and CA3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;035&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results indicate that the classical and severe subtypes have a better prognosis in the control of seizures against the atypical forms&#44; validating the clinical and prognostic utility of the classification of histological subtypes of hippocampal sclerosis from the ILAE&#46; The value of the immunohistochemistry in the mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis has been demonstrated as a key element to determine the neuropsychological prognosis and seizure management of the patients after surgery&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background and objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Patients and method"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes y objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La epilepsia temporal con esclerosis hipocampal es la causa m&#225;s frecuente de epilepsia refractaria&#44; y la indicaci&#243;n m&#225;s com&#250;n de cirug&#237;a&#46; Aunque eficaz&#44; la cirug&#237;a fracasa hasta en un 40&#37; de los pacientes&#46; El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es establecer una correlaci&#243;n entre los distintos subtipos histol&#243;gicos de epilepsia temporal con esclerosis hipocampal y el pron&#243;stico&#44; control de crisis&#44; efectos secundarios y retirada de f&#225;rmacos anticomiciales en los pacientes con epilepsia resistente a f&#225;rmacos intervenidos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y m&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se analizaron de forma retrospectiva las historias cl&#237;nicas y muestras anatomopatol&#243;gicas de 228 pacientes con epilepsia temporal intervenidos en nuestro centro entre los a&#241;os 1993 y 2014&#46; Todos fueron sometidos a una evaluaci&#243;n prequir&#250;rgica est&#225;ndar e intervenidos mediante una resecci&#243;n temporal anterior &#40;modificada de Spencer&#41;&#46; El estudio anatomopatol&#243;gico incluy&#243; el protocolo de hematoxilina-eosina e inmunohistoqu&#237;mico est&#225;ndar&#44; con especial inter&#233;s en la valoraci&#243;n de p&#233;rdida neuronal con NeuN&#46; El control de las crisis fue valorado de acuerdo a la escala de resultados de la ILAE y de Engel&#46; El seguimiento medio fue de 8&#44;6 a&#241;os &#40;2-19&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A los 10 a&#241;os tras la intervenci&#243;n&#44; un 67&#44;9&#37; de los pacientes se encontraban libres de crisis &#40;ILAE 1&#41;&#46; Un 77&#44;5&#37; de los pacientes estaba libre de crisis &#40;Engel 1&#41; al final del seguimiento&#46; La probabilidad de quedar sin crisis &#40;ILAE 1&#41; tras la cirug&#237;a a los 2 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;042&#41;&#44; 5 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y 7 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;022&#41; a&#241;os fue mayor en las formas cl&#225;sica y severa frente a las formas de esclerosis aislada CA1 y CA4&#46; Una mayor p&#233;rdida neuronal medida con NeuN en CA1 se relacion&#243; con un mejor resultado en el control de las crisis &#40;an&#225;lisis multivariante&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;08&#41;&#46; La presencia de antecedentes personales desencadenantes de epilepsia se relacion&#243; con una mayor p&#233;rdida neuronal en CA1 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;028&#41; y CA3 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;034&#41;&#44; y la presencia de auras ps&#237;quicas con una mayor p&#233;rdida de neuronas en CA3 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;025&#41;&#46; En nuestro caso&#44; la probabilidad de dejar la medicaci&#243;n se relacion&#243; con la presencia de antecedentes personales &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41; y&#44; de forma inversa&#44; con la p&#233;rdida neuronal en CA1 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;036&#41; y CA3 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;038&#41;&#46; El mayor deterioro de memoria verbal ocurri&#243; en aquellos pacientes con menor p&#233;rdida neuronal en CA1 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;023&#41;&#44; CA2 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;049&#41; y CA3 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;035&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados se&#241;alan que los subtipos cl&#225;sico y severo tienen un mejor pron&#243;stico en el control de las crisis frente a las formas at&#237;picas&#44; valid&#225;ndose la utilidad cl&#237;nica y pron&#243;stica de la clasificaci&#243;n de consenso de los subtipos histol&#243;gicos de esclerosis hipocampal de la ILAE&#46; Se ha demostrado el valor de la inmunohistoqu&#237;mica en la epilepsia temporal con esclerosis hipocampal como un elemento clave para determinar el pron&#243;stico en el control de las crisis y neuropsicol&#243;gico de los pacientes tras la cirug&#237;a&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivo"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todo"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Olivares-Granados G&#44; R&#237;os-Pelegrina RM&#44; Ruiz-Gim&#233;nez J&#44; Gald&#243;n-Castillo A&#44; Escobar-Delgado T&#44; Garc&#237;a del Moral R&#46; Definici&#243;n cl&#237;nico-patol&#243;gica de los subtipos de epilepsia temporal medial con esclerosis del hipocampo&#46; Neurocirug&#237;a&#46; 2018&#59;29&#58;9&#8211;17&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:8 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1721
            "Ancho" => 2080
            "Tamanyo" => 200122
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Seizure control outcomes over follow-up&#44; according to the ILAE classification&#44; as a percentage &#40;lines&#44; left <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">y</span> axis&#41;&#46; Number of patients in follow-up &#40;bars&#44; right <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">y</span> axis&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2161
            "Ancho" => 2334
            "Tamanyo" => 570551
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histological findings in hippocampal sclerosis &#40;HS&#41;&#46; &#40;A&#41; Classic HS NeuN x02&#46; Hippocampus with organizational distortion and intense atrophy of the granular layer of the dentate gyrus &#40;DG&#41;&#44; massive neuronal loss in CA4 &#40;with relative conservation of large neurons and &#62;80&#37; loss&#41;&#44; mild CA3 involvement with &#60;40&#37; loss&#44; relative conservation of CA2 &#40;neuronal loss &#60;20&#37;&#41; and focal involvement of CA1 with an area of total atrophy &#40;neuronal loss greater than 80&#37;&#41;&#46; &#40;B&#41; Severe HS&#46; NeuN&#58; hippocampus with DG asymmetry with moderate neuronal heterotopia in the molecular layer and nodular dispersion and one end&#46; Intense neuronal loss in Lorente de N&#243; CA4&#44; CA3 and CA1 regions &#40;&#62;80&#37; in the three zones&#41; and mild&#47;moderate loss in CA2 &#40;&#60;30&#37;&#41;&#46; &#40;C&#41; CA4 HS &#40;&#8220;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">end folium</span>&#8221;&#41;&#58; &#40;C1&#41; HS x01&#58; hippocampus with initially conserved architecture showing somewhat hypotrophic DG&#44; no granular dispersion&#44; with apparent neuronal loss in CA4&#46; &#40;C2&#41; NeuN x02&#58; enhancement of CA4&#44; which shows neuronal loss of around 70&#37;&#46; The other regions showed no significant atrophy&#46; &#40;D&#41; CA1 HS&#46; NeuN x01&#58; hippocampus with partially conserved architecture&#44; with well-formed DG and no significant neuronal loss&#44; conserved architecture and cellularity in CA4&#44; CA3 and CA2&#44; and marked neuronal loss &#40;&#62;70&#37;&#41; in CA1&#46; &#40;E&#41; Unclassifiable HS NeuN&#58; hippocampus with generalized atrophy&#44; focal thinning of the DG and neuronal loss&#46; Due to fragmentation&#44; the exact composition of the Lorente de N&#243; areas cannot be assessed&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; Blumcke et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No HS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Classic HS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Severe HS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CA1 sclerosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CA4 sclerosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CA1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8804;10&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8805;80&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8805;80&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8805;80&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8804;20&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CA2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8804;10&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8804;30&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8804;50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8804;30&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8804;30&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CA3&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8804;10&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8804;30&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8805;70&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8804;30&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8804;30&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CA4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8804;10&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8805;40&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8805;80&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8804;30&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8805;50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1696005.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percentage of neuronal loss by hippocampus subregion&#46; Neuropathological classification of hippocampal sclerosis&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; Adapted from Blumcke et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HS ILAE type 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HS ILAE type 2 or CA1 predominant&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HS ILAE type 3 or CA4 predominant&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No HS&#46; Only gliosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CA1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&#47;&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&#47;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CA2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&#47;&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&#47;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&#47;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CA3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&#47;&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&#47;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&#47;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CA4<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&#47;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&#47;&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DG<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#47;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#47;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#47;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#47;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1696006.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Neuronal loss determined by NeuN staining&#58; &#8722;&#58; no significant neuronal loss or moderate gliosis&#59; &#43;&#43;&#58; moderate neuronal loss and gliosis&#59; &#43;&#43;&#43;&#58; severe neuronal loss and fibrillar astrogliosis&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Dentate gyrus changes&#58; 0&#58; normal granular layer&#59; 1&#58; granule cell dispersion&#59; 2&#58; severe granule cell loss&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ILAE consensus classification&#46; Patterns of neuronal loss and gliosis in the different hippocampus subregions&#46; Semiquantitative classification in en bloc resections&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; Wieser et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ILAE classification of postsurgical outcomes</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46; Completely seizure free&#46; No auras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46; Only auras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46; One to three seizure days per year&#59; &#177; auras &#40;the auras are included separately&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46; Four seizure days per year to 50&#37; reduction of baseline seizure days&#59; &#177; auras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46; Less than 50&#37; reduction of baseline seizure days to 100&#37; increase of baseline seizure days&#59; &#177; auras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46; More than 100&#37; increase of seizure days over baseline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1696007.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ILAE classification of postsurgical outcomes&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; Engel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Modified Engel scale</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Class I&#46; Free of disabling seizures &#40;excluding postoperative period&#44; 1 month&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A&#46; Completely seizure-free since surgery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B&#46; Simple partial seizures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&#46; Some disabling seizures after surgery&#44; but free from disabling seizures for at least two years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#46; Generalized convulsions with anticonvulsant discontinuation only&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Class II&#46; Rare disabling seizures &#40;almost seizure-free&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A&#46; Initially free of disabling seizures but has rare seizures now&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B&#46; Rare disabling seizures since surgery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&#46; More than rare disabling seizures since surgery&#44; but rare seizures for the past 2 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#46; Nocturnal seizures only&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Class III&#46; Significant improvement</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A&#46; Significant reduction in seizures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B&#46; Prolonged seizure-free intervals amounting to greater than half the follow-up period but not exceeding 2 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Class IV&#46; No significant improvement</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A&#46; Significant seizure reduction &#40;between 50&#37; and 90&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B&#46; No appreciable change&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&#46; Seizures worse&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1696004.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Modified Engel scale&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at5"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; Blumcke et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="5" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Histological MTLE-HS subtypes</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valid percentage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cumulative percentage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Classic MS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Severe MS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CA1 sclerosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CA4 sclerosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Unclassifiable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lost&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">140&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1696003.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histological classification of MTLE-HS in study patients by subtypes&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at6"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="5" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Histological MTLE-HS subtypes according to ILAE</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valid percentage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cumulative percentage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ILAE 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ILAE 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ILAE 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Unclassifiable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lost&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">140&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1696008.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histological classification of MTLE-HS in study patients by ILAE subtypes &#40;2013&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:31 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevalence of epilepsy in northeast Madrid"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46;J&#46; Luengo"
                            1 => "J&#46; Parra"
                            2 => "F&#46; Colas"
                            3 => "T&#46; Ramos"
                            4 => "M&#46;J&#46; Carreras"
                            5 => "A&#46; Fern&#225;ndez-Pozos"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Neurol"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "248"
                        "paginaInicial" => "762"
                        "paginaFinal" => "767"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11596780"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevalence and clinical characteristics of epilepsy in the South of Spain"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "G&#46;F&#46; Garcia-Martin"
                            1 => "M&#46; Perez-Errazquin"
                            2 => "I&#46; Chamorro-Munoz"
                            3 => "M&#46; Romero-Acebal"
                            4 => "G&#46; Martin-Reyes"
                            5 => "M&#46;S&#46; Dawid-Milner"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsy Res"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0210569113001861"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "02105691"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Economic costs of childhood epilepsy in Spain"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Argumosa"
                            1 => "J&#46;L&#46; Herranz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Neurol"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "104"
                        "paginaFinal" => "108"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10730313"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Clinical aspects and biological bases of drug resistant epilepsies"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Regesta"
                            1 => "P&#46; Tanganelli"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsy Res"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "109"
                        "paginaFinal" => "122"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10210025"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0180"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "How long does it take for epilepsy to become intractable&#63; A prospective investigation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46;T&#46; Berg"
                            1 => "B&#46;G&#46; Vickrey"
                            2 => "F&#46;M&#46; Testa"
                            3 => "S&#46;R&#46; Levy"
                            4 => "S&#46; Shinnar"
                            5 => "F&#46; DiMario"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/ana.20852"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Neurol"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "paginaInicial" => "73"
                        "paginaFinal" => "79"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16685695"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0185"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The natural history of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46;T&#46; Berg"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/WCO.0b013e3282f36ccd"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Opin Neurol"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "173"
                        "paginaFinal" => "178"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18317276"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0190"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A randomized&#44; controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Wiebe"
                            1 => "W&#46;T&#46; Blume"
                            2 => "J&#46;P&#46; Girvin"
                            3 => "M&#46; Eliasziw"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJM200108023450501"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "345"
                        "paginaInicial" => "311"
                        "paginaFinal" => "318"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11484687"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0195"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Seizure outcome after temporal lobectomy&#58; current research practice and findings"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46;M&#46; McIntosh"
                            1 => "J&#46; Wilson"
                            2 => "S&#46;F&#46; Berkovic"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1288"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1307"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11737164"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0200"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Practice parameter&#58; temporal lobe and localized neocortical resections for epilepsy&#58; report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology&#44; in association with the American Epilepsy Society and the American Association of Neurological Surgeons"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Engel Jr&#46;"
                            1 => "S&#46; Wiebe"
                            2 => "J&#46; French"
                            3 => "M&#46; Sperling"
                            4 => "P&#46; Williamson"
                            5 => "D&#46; Spencer"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Neurology"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "paginaInicial" => "538"
                        "paginaFinal" => "547"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12601090"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0205"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Reliability of patterns of hippocampal sclerosis as predictors of postsurgical outcome"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Thom"
                            1 => "I&#46; Liagkouras"
                            2 => "K&#46;J&#46; Elliot"
                            3 => "L&#46; Martinian"
                            4 => "W&#46; Harkness"
                            5 => "A&#46; McEvoy"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02681.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "51"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1801"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1808"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20738385"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0210"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A retrospective analysis of hippocampal pathology in human temporal lobe epilepsy&#58; evidence for distinctive patient subcategories"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46;C&#46; De Lanerolle"
                            1 => "J&#46;H&#46; Kim"
                            2 => "A&#46; Williamson"
                            3 => "S&#46;S&#46; Spencer"
                            4 => "H&#46;P&#46; Zaveri"
                            5 => "T&#46; Eid"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "44"
                        "paginaInicial" => "677"
                        "paginaFinal" => "687"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12752467"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0215"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A new clinico-pathological classification system for mesial temporal sclerosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Blumcke"
                            1 => "E&#46; Pauli"
                            2 => "H&#46; Clusmann"
                            3 => "J&#46; Schramm"
                            4 => "A&#46; Becker"
                            5 => "C&#46; Elger"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00401-006-0187-0"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Neuropathol"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "113"
                        "paginaInicial" => "235"
                        "paginaFinal" => "244"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17221203"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0220"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "International consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy&#58; a Task Force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Blumcke"
                            1 => "M&#46; Thom"
                            2 => "E&#46; Aronica"
                            3 => "D&#46;D&#46; Armstrong"
                            4 => "F&#46; Bartolomei"
                            5 => "A&#46; Bernasconi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/epi.12220"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "54"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1315"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1329"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23692496"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0225"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Clinical prediction of postoperative seizure control&#58; structural&#44; functional findings and disease histories"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Stefan"
                            1 => "M&#46; Hildebrandt"
                            2 => "F&#46; Kerling"
                            3 => "B&#46;S&#46; Kasper"
                            4 => "T&#46; Hammen"
                            5 => "A&#46; Dorfler"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/jnnp.2008.151860"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "80"
                        "paginaInicial" => "196"
                        "paginaFinal" => "200"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18838399"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0230"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Long-term seizure outcome for international consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis&#58; a survival analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Na"
                            1 => "H&#46; Ge"
                            2 => "C&#46; Shi"
                            3 => "H&#46; Shen"
                            4 => "Y&#46; Wang"
                            5 => "S&#46; Pu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.seizure.2014.10.006"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Seizure"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "paginaInicial" => "141"
                        "paginaFinal" => "146"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25455728"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0235"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Short- and long-term surgical outcomes of temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis&#58; relationships with neuropathology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Deleo"
                            1 => "R&#46; Garbelli"
                            2 => "G&#46; Milesi"
                            3 => "F&#46; Gozzo"
                            4 => "M&#46; Bramerio"
                            5 => "F&#46; Villani"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/epi.13277"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "57"
                        "paginaInicial" => "306"
                        "paginaFinal" => "315"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26676889"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0240"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mesial temporal sclerosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "H&#46; L&#252;ders"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Text book of epilepsy surgery"
                        "paginaInicial" => "249"
                        "paginaFinal" => "251"
                        "serieFecha" => "2008"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0245"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "EANM procedure guideline for brain perfusion SPECT using 99mTc-labelled radiopharmaceuticals&#44; version 2"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "O&#46;L&#46; Kapucu"
                            1 => "F&#46; Nobili"
                            2 => "A&#46; Varrone"
                            3 => "J&#46; Booij"
                            4 => "V&#46; Vander Borght"
                            5 => "K&#46; Nagren"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00259-009-1266-y"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2093"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2102"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19838703"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0250"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "EANM procedure guidelines for PET brain imaging using &#91;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F&#93;FDG&#44; version 2"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "C&#46; European Association of Nuclear Medicine Neuroimaging"
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Varrone"
                            1 => "S&#46; Asenbaum"
                            2 => "T&#46; Vander Borght"
                            3 => "J&#46; Booij"
                            4 => "F&#46; Nobili"
                            5 => "K&#46; Nagren"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00259-009-1264-0"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2103"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2110"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19838705"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0255"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#91;PET and SPECT in epilepsy&#93;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "X&#46; Setoain"
                            1 => "M&#46; Carreno"
                            2 => "J&#46; Pavia"
                            3 => "B&#46; Marti-Fuster"
                            4 => "A&#46; Campos"
                            5 => "F&#46; Lomena"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.remn.2014.01.001"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "paginaInicial" => "165"
                        "paginaFinal" => "174"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24565567"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0260"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#91;Neuropsychological intervention in patients with epilepsy&#93;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Arnedo"
                            1 => "M&#46; Espinosa"
                            2 => "R&#46; Ruiz"
                            3 => "J&#46;C&#46; Sanchez-Alvarez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Neurol"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "numero" => "Suppl&#46; 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "S83"
                        "paginaFinal" => "S88"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17061201"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0265"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Access to the posterior medial temporal lobe structures in the surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "D&#46;D&#46; Spencer"
                            1 => "S&#46;S&#46; Spencer"
                            2 => "R&#46;H&#46; Mattson"
                            3 => "P&#46;D&#46; Williamson"
                            4 => "R&#46;A&#46; Novelly"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Neurosurgery"
                        "fecha" => "1984"
                        "volumen" => "15"
                        "paginaInicial" => "667"
                        "paginaFinal" => "671"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6504282"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0270"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Long-term seizure outcomes following epilepsy surgery&#58; a systematic review and meta-analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46;F&#46; Tellez-Zenteno"
                            1 => "R&#46; Dhar"
                            2 => "S&#46; Wiebe"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/brain/awh449"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Brain"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "128"
                        "numero" => "Pt 5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1188"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1198"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758038"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0275"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy&#58; a randomized trial"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Engel Jr&#46;"
                            1 => "M&#46;P&#46; McDermott"
                            2 => "S&#46; Wiebe"
                            3 => "J&#46;T&#46; Langfitt"
                            4 => "J&#46;M&#46; Stern"
                            5 => "S&#46; Dewar"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/jama.2012.220"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "307"
                        "paginaInicial" => "922"
                        "paginaFinal" => "930"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22396514"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0280"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Epilepsy&#58; a comprehensive textbook"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Engel Jr&#46;"
                            1 => "T&#46;A&#46; Peddle"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "editorial" => "Wolters Kluwer&#47;Lippincott Williams &#38; Wilkins"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Philadelphia&#44; PA&#44; London"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0285"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "ILAE Commission Report&#46; Proposal for a new classification of outcome with respect to epileptic seizures following epilepsy surgery"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "E&#46; Commission on Neurosurgery of the International League Against"
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "H&#46;G&#46; Wieser"
                            1 => "W&#46;T&#46; Blume"
                            2 => "D&#46; Fish"
                            3 => "E&#46; Goldensohn"
                            4 => "A&#46; Hufnagel"
                            5 => "D&#46; King"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "282"
                        "paginaFinal" => "286"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11240604"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0290"
              "etiqueta" => "27"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Very good inter-rater reliability of Engel and ILAE epilepsy surgery outcome classifications in a series of 76 patients"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46;J&#46; Durnford"
                            1 => "W&#46; Rodgers"
                            2 => "F&#46;J&#46; Kirkham"
                            3 => "M&#46;A&#46; Mullee"
                            4 => "A&#46; Whitney"
                            5 => "M&#46; Prevett"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.seizure.2011.08.004"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Seizure"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "paginaInicial" => "809"
                        "paginaFinal" => "812"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21920780"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0295"
              "etiqueta" => "28"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The long-term outcome of adult epilepsy surgery&#44; patterns of seizure remission&#44; and relapse&#58; a cohort study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; De Tisi"
                            1 => "G&#46;S&#46; Bell"
                            2 => "J&#46;L&#46; Peacock"
                            3 => "A&#46;W&#46; McEvoy"
                            4 => "W&#46;F&#46; Harkness"
                            5 => "J&#46;W&#46; Sander"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60890-8"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "378"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1388"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1395"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22000136"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0300"
              "etiqueta" => "29"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Review&#58; Hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy&#58; a neuropathology review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Thom"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/nan.12150"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "520"
                        "paginaFinal" => "543"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24762203"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0305"
              "etiqueta" => "30"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hippocampal atrophy on MRI is predictive of histopathological patterns and surgical prognosis in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46;P&#46; Jardim"
                            1 => "J&#46;T&#46; Corso"
                            2 => "M&#46;T&#46; Garcia"
                            3 => "L&#46;B&#46; Gaca"
                            4 => "S&#46;M&#46; Comper"
                            5 => "C&#46;L&#46; Lancello&#233;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.10.014"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsy Res"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "128"
                        "paginaInicial" => "169"
                        "paginaFinal" => "175"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27842262"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0310"
              "etiqueta" => "31"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Seven-Tesla MRI of hippocampal sclerosis&#58; an in vivo feasibility study with histological correlations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Stefanits"
                            1 => "E&#46; Springer"
                            2 => "E&#46; Pataraia"
                            3 => "C&#46; Baumgartner"
                            4 => "J&#46;A&#46; Hainfellner"
                            5 => "D&#46; Prayer"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Investig Radiol"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/25298496/0000002900000001/v2_201803130531/S2529849617300515/v2_201803130531/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "65581"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Clinical research"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/25298496/0000002900000001/v2_201803130531/S2529849617300515/v2_201803130531/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004B&text.app=https://revistaneurocirugia.com/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2529849617300515?idApp=UINPBA00004B"
]
Compartir
Información de la revista
Vol. 29. Núm. 1.
Páginas 9-17 (enero - febrero 2018)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 29. Núm. 1.
Páginas 9-17 (enero - febrero 2018)
Clinical Research
Clinical and pathological definition of temporal medium epilepsy subtypes with hypocampic sclerosis
Definición clínico-patológica de los subtipos de epilepsia temporal medial con esclerosis del hipocampo
Gonzalo Olivares-Granadosa,
Autor para correspondencia
, Rosa María Ríos-Pelegrinab, Jesús Ruiz-Giménezc, Alberto Galdón-Castillod, Teresa Escobar-Delgadoc, Raimundo García del Moralb
a Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
b Unidad de Gestión Clínica Provincial Intercentros de Anatomía Patológica de Granada, Hospitales de Granada, Granada, Spain
c Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
d Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurofisiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
Información del artículo
Resumen
Texto completo
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Figuras (2)
Tablas (6)
Table 1. Percentage of neuronal loss by hippocampus subregion. Neuropathological classification of hippocampal sclerosis.
Table 2. ILAE consensus classification. Patterns of neuronal loss and gliosis in the different hippocampus subregions. Semiquantitative classification in en bloc resections.
Table 3. ILAE classification of postsurgical outcomes.
Table 4. Modified Engel scale.
Table 5. Histological classification of MTLE-HS in study patients by subtypes.
Table 6. Histological classification of MTLE-HS in study patients by ILAE subtypes (2013).
Mostrar másMostrar menos
Abstract
Background and objective

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is the most common cause of refractory epilepsy, and the most common indication for surgery. Although effective, surgery fails in up to 40% of patients. The objective of our study was to establish a correlation between the different histological subtypes of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and the prognosis, seizures control, side effects and anticonvulsivant drug withdrawal in patients with refractory epilepsy.

Patients and method

Clinical histories and anatomopathological specimens of 228 patients with temporal epilepsy surgically obtained at our hospital between 1993 and 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent a standard preoperative evaluation and anterior temporal resection (modified from Spencer). The anatomopathological study included the standard hematoxylin–eosin and immunohistochemical protocol, with special interest in the assessment of neuronal loss with NeuN. Seizure control was assessed according to the scale of results of the ILAE and Engel. The mean follow-up was 8.6 years (2–19).

Results

At 10 years after the intervention, 67.9% of patients were seizure-free (ILAE 1) and as many as 77.5% of the patients were seizure-free (Engel 1) at the end of the follow-up. The probability of not having a seizure (ILAE 1) after surgery at 2 (p=0.042), 5 (p=0.001) and 7 years (p=0.22) was higher in classic and severe forms compared to isolated sclerosis CA1 and CA4 forms. Higher neuronal loss measured with the NeuN immunostain in CA1 was associated with better outcome in seizure management (multivariate analysis, p=0.08). The presence of a personal history of epilepsy was associated with greater neuronal loss in CA1 (p=0.028) and CA3 (p=0.034), and the presence of psychic auras was related with greater neuronal loss in CA3 (p=0.025). In our case, the probability of medication withdrawal was related to the presence of personal history (p=0.003) and, inversely, to neuronal loss in CA1 (p=0.036) and CA3 (p=0.038). The greatest impairment of verbal memory occurred in those patients with a lower neuronal loss in CA1 (p=0.023), CA2 (p=0.049) and CA3 (p=0.035).

Conclusions

The results indicate that the classical and severe subtypes have a better prognosis in the control of seizures against the atypical forms, validating the clinical and prognostic utility of the classification of histological subtypes of hippocampal sclerosis from the ILAE. The value of the immunohistochemistry in the mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis has been demonstrated as a key element to determine the neuropsychological prognosis and seizure management of the patients after surgery.

Keywords:
Hippocampal sclerosis
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Memory
Neuropathology
Immunohistochemistry
Surgery
Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivo

La epilepsia temporal con esclerosis hipocampal es la causa más frecuente de epilepsia refractaria, y la indicación más común de cirugía. Aunque eficaz, la cirugía fracasa hasta en un 40% de los pacientes. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es establecer una correlación entre los distintos subtipos histológicos de epilepsia temporal con esclerosis hipocampal y el pronóstico, control de crisis, efectos secundarios y retirada de fármacos anticomiciales en los pacientes con epilepsia resistente a fármacos intervenidos.

Pacientes y método

Se analizaron de forma retrospectiva las historias clínicas y muestras anatomopatológicas de 228 pacientes con epilepsia temporal intervenidos en nuestro centro entre los años 1993 y 2014. Todos fueron sometidos a una evaluación prequirúrgica estándar e intervenidos mediante una resección temporal anterior (modificada de Spencer). El estudio anatomopatológico incluyó el protocolo de hematoxilina-eosina e inmunohistoquímico estándar, con especial interés en la valoración de pérdida neuronal con NeuN. El control de las crisis fue valorado de acuerdo a la escala de resultados de la ILAE y de Engel. El seguimiento medio fue de 8,6 años (2-19).

Resultados

A los 10 años tras la intervención, un 67,9% de los pacientes se encontraban libres de crisis (ILAE 1). Un 77,5% de los pacientes estaba libre de crisis (Engel 1) al final del seguimiento. La probabilidad de quedar sin crisis (ILAE 1) tras la cirugía a los 2 (p=0,042), 5 (p=0,001) y 7 (p=0,022) años fue mayor en las formas clásica y severa frente a las formas de esclerosis aislada CA1 y CA4. Una mayor pérdida neuronal medida con NeuN en CA1 se relacionó con un mejor resultado en el control de las crisis (análisis multivariante, p=0,08). La presencia de antecedentes personales desencadenantes de epilepsia se relacionó con una mayor pérdida neuronal en CA1 (p=0,028) y CA3 (p=0,034), y la presencia de auras psíquicas con una mayor pérdida de neuronas en CA3 (p=0,025). En nuestro caso, la probabilidad de dejar la medicación se relacionó con la presencia de antecedentes personales (p=0,003) y, de forma inversa, con la pérdida neuronal en CA1 (p=0,036) y CA3 (p=0,038). El mayor deterioro de memoria verbal ocurrió en aquellos pacientes con menor pérdida neuronal en CA1 (p=0,023), CA2 (p=0,049) y CA3 (p=0,035).

Conclusiones

Los resultados señalan que los subtipos clásico y severo tienen un mejor pronóstico en el control de las crisis frente a las formas atípicas, validándose la utilidad clínica y pronóstica de la clasificación de consenso de los subtipos histológicos de esclerosis hipocampal de la ILAE. Se ha demostrado el valor de la inmunohistoquímica en la epilepsia temporal con esclerosis hipocampal como un elemento clave para determinar el pronóstico en el control de las crisis y neuropsicológico de los pacientes tras la cirugía.

Palabras clave:
Esclerosis hipocampal
Epilepsia temporal
Memoria
Neuropatología
Inmunohistoquímica
Cirugía

Artículo

Opciones para acceder a los textos completos de la publicación Neurocirugía
Socio
Socio de la Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía

Si es la primera vez que accede a la web puede obtener sus claves de acceso poniéndose en contacto con Elsevier España en suscripciones@elsevier.com o a través de su teléfono de Atención al Cliente 902 88 87 40 si llama desde territorio español o del +34 932 418 800 (de 9 a 18h., GMT + 1) si lo hace desde el extranjero.

Si ya tiene sus datos de acceso, clique aquí.

Si olvidó su clave de acceso puede recuperarla clicando aquí y seleccionando la opción "He olvidado mi contraseña".

Suscriptor
Suscriptor de la revista

Si ya tiene sus datos de acceso, clique aquí.

Si olvidó su clave de acceso puede recuperarla clicando aquí y seleccionando la opción "He olvidado mi contraseña".
Suscribirse
Suscribirse a:

Neurocirugía

Comprar
Comprar acceso al artículo

Comprando el artículo el PDF del mismo podrá ser descargado

Precio 19,34 €

Comprar ahora
Contactar
Teléfono para suscripciones e incidencias
De lunes a viernes de 9h a 18h (GMT+1) excepto los meses de julio y agosto que será de 9 a 15h
Llamadas desde España
932 415 960
Llamadas desde fuera de España
+34 932 415 960
Email
Idiomas
Neurocirugía