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Clinical Research
Available online 29 November 2024
Acute subdural hematoma from ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysm: A rare and critical analysis of 25 cases
Hematoma subdural agudo por ruptura de aneurisma de la arteria cerebral media: un análisis raro y crítico de 25 casos
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Cristina Romero-Lópeza,
Corresponding author
cristina.romerolopez@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Javier Ros de San Pedroa,b, Francisco Arteaga-Romeroa, Beatriz Cuartero-Pérezb, Ignacio Martín-Schradera
a Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
b Regional Service of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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Received 04 June 2024. Accepted 07 October 2024
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Table 1. Description of the cases.
Abstract
Background

An acute subdural hematoma (aSDH) is a rare presentation of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm with pathophysiology and prognosis poorly defined. According to literature, prognosis might be improved with prompt diagnosis, hematoma evacuation and aneurysm treatment. The objective is to specify pathophysiology, prognostic factors and management of this pathology.

Methods

We reported 23 cases of aSDH due to ruptured MCA aneurysm from literature revision and 2 cases from our center.

Results

Median age was 51 years and 48% (12/25) were females. At their arrival, 76% (19/25) presented decreased level of consciousness and 55.55% (10/18) neurological deficits. Aneurysmal location was left MCA in 57.14% (8/14) and MCA segments were M4 in 76.92% (10/13) and bifurcation in 23.07% (3/13), median aneurysmal size was 6 mm, median hematoma size was 10 mm, median midline shift was 9 mm, aneurysmal projection and MCA concavity were anterior in 100% (3/3), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was present in 52.17% (12/23). The treatment was surgery in 84% (21/25), endovascular in 12% (3/25) and in 20% (5/25) decompressive craniectomy (DC) was necessary. Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was >3/favorable in 66.66% (16/24) and death in 16.66% (4/2).

Conclusions

Anterior MCA concavity and aneurysmal projection might be related with aSDH presentation in proximal MCA aneurysms. We should suspect aneurysm origin when there is no history or stigma of trauma, and CT shows disproportionately massive aSDH. Hematoma evacuation solves the compressive mechanism which is the main cause of neurological deterioration in pure aSDH cases, because of that, immediate hematoma evacuation could justify better outcome in these patients.

Keywords:
Acute subdural hematoma
Ruptured aneurysm
Middle cerebral artery
Abbreviations:
aSDH
MCA
SAH
CTA
GCS
HH
GOS
MS
DC
IQR
Resumen
Antecedentes

Un hematoma subdural agudo (HSDa) es una rara forma de presentación de un aneurisma intracraneal roto con una fisiopatología y un pronóstico pobremente definidos. De acuerdo con la literatura, el pronóstico podría mejorar con un diagnóstico, evacuación del hematoma y tratamiento del aneurisma de forma precoz. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir la fisiopatología, los factores pronósticos y el manejo de esta patología.

Métodos

Se reportan 23 casos de HSDa secundarios a aneurisma de arteria cerebral media (ACM) roto procedentes de la revisión de la literatura y 2 casos procedentes de nuestro centro.

Resultados

Mediana de edad de 51 años, 48% (12/25) fueron mujeres. A su llegada, el 76% (19/25) presentó deterioro del nivel de conciencia y el 55.55% (10/18) déficits neurológicos. La localización del aneurisma fue la ACM izquierda en el 57.14% (8/14), el segmento M4 en el 76.92% (10/13) y la bifurcación en el 23.07% (3/13), la mediana del tamaño del aneurisma fue 6 mm, la mediana del tamaño del hematoma 10 mm, la mediana de la desviación de línea media 9 mm, la proyección del aneurisma anterior y la concavidad de la ACM anterior en el 100% (3/3) y asociaban hemorragia subaracnoidea el 52.17% (12/23). El tratamiento fue quirúrgico en el 84% (21/25), endovascular en el 12% (3/25) y se realizó craniectomía descompresiva en el 20% (5/25). La Glasgow Outcome Scale fue >3/favorable en el 66.66% (16/24) y se produjo el fallecimiento en el 16.66% (4/2).

Conclusiones

La concavidad anterior de la ACM y la proyección anterior del aneurisma podrían estar relacionadas con la presentación en forma de HSDa de aneurismas de ACM proximal. Debemos sospechar el origen aneurismático ante ausencia de historia o estigma de traumatismo o un HSDa de tamaño desproporcionado en la tomografía. La evacuación del hematoma resuelve el mecanismo compresivo el cual es la principal causa de deterioro neurológico en HSDa puros, por ello, la evacuación inmediata del hematoma podría justificar un mejor pronóstico en estos pacientes.

Palabras clave:
Hematoma subdural agudo
Aneurisma roto
Arteria cerebral media

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