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Clinical Research
Available online 18 March 2025
Fully percutaneous posterior transarticular C1-C2 stand-alone screw instrumentation: A case series and technical note
Instrumentación posterior transarticular C1-C2 con tornillos completamente percutánea: una serie de casos y nota técnica
Ivan Lvov
Corresponding author
dr.speleolog@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Andrey Grin, Anton Kordonskiy, Zaali Barbakadze, Aleksandr Talypov, Aleksandr Tupikin
Department of Neurosurgery, Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Moscow, Russia
Received 19 December 2024. Accepted 05 February 2025
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Table 1. Lakshmanan et al. grading of severity of degenerative changes in atlanto-odontoid and lateral atlanto-axial joints.
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Table 2. C1-C2 fusion criteria for transarticular stand-alone screw instrumentation.
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Table 3. Summary of Demographic Data, Diagnosis and ASIA distribution.
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Abstract

Magerl’s technique remains a widely accepted method for achieving C1-C2 fusion. Although two approaches using intermuscular corridors and biplanar X-ray guidance have been reported, there are no published studies dedicated to fully percutaneous techniques employing cannulated screws.

Objective

To demonstrate the feasibility of a fully percutaneous C1-C2 fixation technique using cannulated screws and to analyze the short- and long-term outcomes of the initial case series.

Material and methods

This case series included patients over 15 years of age who were presented with acute or subacute atlantoaxial instability at C1-C2 due to fractures of the odontoid process, C1 vertebra, or C2 vertebral body. Surgical details and fusion criteria were described. Due to the absence of comparison groups, only descriptive statistical methods were employed.

Results

A total of 11 patients (8 men, 3 women; mean age 41.5 ± 18.2 years) underwent fully percutaneous transarticular C1-C2 fixation. The mean operative time was 115.0 ± 30.8 min for patients stabilized using a Halo device and 80.6 ± 33.2 min for those immobilized with a Mayfield clamp. The mean blood loss across all cases was 38.8 ± 8.7 mL. One patient died from concurrent cardiac pathology. Two patients were lost to follow-up due to relocation, leaving 8 patients for final assessment. At final follow-up, the mean VAS score was 2 ± 1.5 and the mean NDI score was 5.3 ± 5.2. All patients with preoperative neurological deficits improved by one level on the ASIA scale. Fusion was achieved in 7 of 8 cases (87.5%), and 1 patient (12.5%) developed a stable C1-C2 pseudoarthrosis.

Conclusion

Our initial clinical experience demonstrated that fully percutaneous posterior transarticular C1-C2 stand-alone screw fixation using cannulated instruments could be a feasible and safe procedure. Critical requirements for this technique include complete reduction of atlantoaxial dislocation, compression in the lateral joint region, adequate intraoperative visualization, and strict adherence to specific screw trajectories.

Keywords:
Magerl technique
Craniovertebral junction
C1-C2 fusion
C1-C2 stand-alone screw instrumentation
Percutaneous screw fixation
Resumen

La técnica de Magerl sigue siendo un método ampliamente aceptado para lograr la fusión C1-C2. Aunque se han descrito dos enfoques que emplean corredores intermusculares y guía radiológica biplanar, no existen estudios publicados que analicen técnicas completamente percutáneas utilizando tornillos canulados.

Objetivo

Demostrar la viabilidad de una técnica de fijación C1-C2 completamente percutánea mediante tornillos canulados y analizar los resultados a corto y largo plazo de la serie inicial de casos.

Material y métodos

Esta serie de casos incluyó pacientes mayores de 15 años con inestabilidad atlantoaxoidea aguda o subaguda en C1-C2 debido a fracturas del proceso odontoides, vértebra C1 o cuerpo vertebral C2. Se describieron los detalles quirúrgicos y los criterios de fusión. Debido a la ausencia de grupos comparativos, solo se emplearon métodos estadísticos descriptivos.

Resultados

Un total de 11 pacientes (8 hombres, 3 mujeres; edad media 41,5 ± 18,2 años) fueron sometidos a fijación transarticular C1-C2 completamente percutánea. El tiempo operatorio medio fue de 115,0 ± 30,8 minutos en pacientes estabilizados con un dispositivo Halo y de 80,6 ± 33,2 minutos en aquellos inmovilizados con una abrazadera Mayfield. La pérdida sanguínea media en todos los casos fue de 38,8 ± 8,7 mL. Un paciente falleció debido a una patología cardíaca concurrente. Dos pacientes se perdieron en el seguimiento debido a cambio de residencia, dejando 8 pacientes para la evaluación final. En el seguimiento final, la puntuación media de EVA fue de 2 ± 1,5 y la puntuación media de NDI fue de 5,3 ± 5,2. Todos los pacientes con déficits neurológicos preoperatorios mejoraron un nivel en la escala ASIA. La fusión se logró en 7 de 8 casos (87,5%) y 1 paciente (12,5%) desarrolló una pseudoartrosis estable.

Conclusión

Nuestra experiencia clínica inicial demostró que la fijación posterior transarticular C1-C2 completamente percutánea mediante tornillos canulados es un procedimiento viable y seguro. Los requisitos críticos para esta técnica incluyen una reducción completa de la luxación atlantoaxoidea, compresión en la región de la articulación lateral, adecuada visualización intraoperatoria y el cumplimiento estricto de las trayectorias específicas de los tornillos.

Palabras clave:
Técnica de magerl
Unión craneovertebral
Fusión C1-C2
Instrumentación con tornillos C1-C2
Fijación percutánea con tornillos

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