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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The optic chiasm &#40;OC&#41; is an anatomical structure in the suprasellar space&#46; Because of its critical position&#44; it is commonly affected by regional pathologies&#44; including cancer&#46; There are three possible chiasm positions based on the classifications of previous studies&#58; prefixed&#44; normo-fixed&#44; and postfixed&#46; In these placements&#44; the chiasm is positioned over the tuberculum sellae&#44; the diaphragma sellae&#44; and the dorsum sellae&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> A tumorous mass in this area can put pressure on the chiasm&#44; causing various visual defects&#46; The arrangement of optic nerve fibers at the chiasm determines the specific visual defects that result from a mass lesion&#44; and the chiasm position also contributes to this&#46; When the chiasm is prefixed&#44; the posterior of the chiasm is affected&#44; in normo-fixed chiasms&#44; the body of the chiasm is affected by tumors&#44; and in a postfixed chiasm&#44; the pressure will be on the anterior&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> When there is visual field loss&#44; this also varies depending on the OC location&#46; In addition to affecting the symptoms experienced&#44; the position of the OC also determines the potential microsurgical space&#46; If surgeons can identify the OC position preoperatively&#44; they know the space they will be working in and can better plan surgical interventions in advance&#46; This is because there are established indications and constraints for surgical approaches based on the anatomical position of the OC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> This study aims to consider the relationships between the length of both optic nerves and the angle between them &#40;the inner margins of the nerves&#41; and establish whether they can be used to accurately determine the position of the OC&#46; If this is possible then optimum surgical routes may be planned by surgeons ahead of time&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adult autopsy specimens were examined and measurements were taken&#46; The specimens were collected from deceased patients in the Bursa Uludag University School of Medicine Neurosurgery Department and during autopsies performed by the Bursa Forensic Medicine &#304;nstitute&#46; Clearance was obtained from the Bursa Uludag University Ethic Committee on 26&#46;06&#46;2019 with approval number of 2019&#8722;11&#47;16 and Bursa Forensic Medicine &#304;nstitute Education and Scientific Research Commission on 17&#46;09&#46;2019 with approval number of 21589509&#47;1021&#47;686&#46; After cadavers with cranial trauma or previous sellar region pathologies were excluded&#44; there were 20 deceased patients in our sample&#44; from whom our specimens were obtained&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We began by removing the surrounding cerebral tissue&#46; The optic nerves were then cut as posterior to the chiasm as possible at the entry point of the optic canal&#46; This allowed the undisrupted nerves to lie straight in the brain fossa&#44; providing a sufficient view of the optic nerves&#44; chiasm&#44; optic pathways&#44; and surrounding sellar structures&#46; The dissections were made by simulating a surgical pterional or subfrontal approach&#46; The optic nerves were separated into prechiasmal and postchiasmal portions&#46; We measured both the prechiasmal length of the optic nerves and the angle between the inner margins of the nerves that cross in the chiasm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Images were taken under a surgical microscope &#40;Carl Zeiss OPMI Pentero tm&#44; Jena&#44; Germany&#41; using standard calipers and software &#40;tpsDig version 2&#46;17 programme&#41; was used to calculate the interoptic angle&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Mac version 26 software&#46; The conformity of the variables to the normal distribution was investigated by visual &#40;histogram and probability graphs&#41; and analytical methods &#40;Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov&#47;Shapiro&#8211;Wilk tests&#41;&#46; Descriptive analyses were given using mean and standard deviations for normally distributed variables&#46; Pearson Correlation Test was performed to correlate the data that fit the normal distribution&#46; Statistical significance was accepted as p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After all 20 specimens were examined and the measurements recorded&#44; the frequency distribution of prefixed&#44; normo-fixed&#44; and postfixed chiasms was determined&#46; The lengths of both optic nerves and the interoptic angles &#40;IOA&#41; are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The overall mean IOA was 81&#46;03 &#40;17&#46;41&#41;&#8304;&#46; The IOAs of the prefixed chiasms ranged between 115&#46;36&#8239;&#176; and 124&#46;76&#8239;&#176; &#40;mean 120&#46;06 &#91;&#177;6&#46;65&#93;&#8304;&#41;&#44; those of normo-fixed chiasms were between 83&#46;11&#8239;&#176; and 97&#46;53&#8239;&#176; &#40;mean 86&#46;07 &#91;&#177;6&#46;73&#93;&#8304;&#41;&#44; and those of postfixed chiasms were between 53&#46;01&#8239;&#176; and 78&#46;71&#8239;&#8304; &#40;mean 69&#46;20 &#91;&#177;9&#46;13&#93;&#8304;&#41;&#46; The lengths of the right optic nerve ranged between 6&#46;95 and 13&#46;83&#8239;mm &#40;mean 10&#46;25 &#91;&#177;1&#46;81&#93; mm&#41; and those of the left optic nerve between 7&#46;25 and 12&#46;51&#8239;mm &#40;mean 10&#46;40 &#91;&#177;1&#46;47&#93; mm&#41;&#46; A strong negative correlation was found between the IOAs and the optic nerve lengths &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; when the length of the optic nerves decreased&#44; the IOA increased and vice versa&#46; We calculated that&#44; when the IOA is below 80&#8239;&#8304;&#44; the chiasm is postfixed&#44; when it is between 80&#8239;&#176; and 100&#8239;&#176;&#44; it is normo-fixed&#44; and when it is over 100&#8239;&#8304;&#44; it is prefixed&#46; Optic nerve lengths of 8&#8211;10&#8239;mm indicated a normo-fixed OC&#44; below 8&#8239;mm&#44; a prefixed OC&#44; and higher than 10&#8239;mm&#44; a postfixed OC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The OC is positioned over the diaphragma sellae in 70&#37; of the population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The terms prefixed and postfixed were first used by Schaffer in 1924 to describe OC positions outside of the usual area&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Later&#44; Bergland et al&#46; conducted a study of 225 cadavers and confirmed these OC position variations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Measurement of the lengths of the optic nerves and the angle between the two provides information about the chiasm position before surgery&#46; The lengths of the intracranial part of the optic nerves and their angle from the midline have been previously described by Won et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> in a study that aimed to clarify the position of the OC relative to the foramen diaphragma sellae and to show that pressure of the suprasellar mass on the optic apparatus can produce different visual symptoms&#46; They reported mean angles of 34&#46;5 &#40;&#177;5&#46;7&#41;&#8304; between the left optic nerve and the midline and 36&#46;0 &#40;&#177;6&#46;3&#41;&#8304; between the right optic nerve and the midline&#46; Their mean optic nerve lengths were 9&#46;7 &#40;&#177;1&#46;9&#41; mm for the left optic nerve and 9&#46;5 &#40;&#177;1&#46;9&#41; mm for the right optic nerve&#46; In contrast to our study&#44; the angle between the left or right optic nerve and the midline was measured&#44; and correlations between the lengths of the optic nerves and the position of the OC were not investigated&#46; In the same study&#44; researchers implicate that when foramen diaphragma sellae &#40;FDS&#41; is covered by the optic chiasm&#44; prefix chiasm is present and the ratio was found to be &#37;30&#44; slightly higher than our result of &#37;10&#44; respectively&#44; thus incidence should not be underestimated&#46; When FDS is narrowed by the prefixed chiasm the probability of stalk injury during surgery is higher so extreme care should be taken or approach different from cranial approach must be considered&#46; As it well known the perforating arteries pass through optic chiasm to the infundibulum so even if stalk is preserved during surgery&#44; damaging these structures can cause postoperative diabetes insipidus by itself&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The correlations between the optic nerve length&#44; the IOA&#44; and the location of the OC were first identified by Yohannan et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> in which the average IOA was 69&#8239;&#8304;&#46; In our study&#44; this was 81&#46;03&#8239;&#8304;&#46; In Yohannan et al&#46;&#8217;s cadaveric study&#44; the mean IOAs for prefixed&#44; normo-fixed&#44; and postfixed OCs were 79&#46;6&#8239;&#8304;&#44; 68&#46;10&#8239;&#8304;&#44; and 59&#46;4&#8239;&#8304;&#44; respectively&#46; Our equivalent measurements were 120&#46;06&#8239;&#8304;&#44; 86&#46;07&#8239;&#8304;&#44; and 69&#46;20&#8239;&#8304; for prefixed&#44; normo-fixed&#44; and postfixed OCs&#44; respectively&#46; In the Yohannan et al&#46; study&#44; the sample comprised 24&#37; prefixed&#44; 65&#37; normo-fixed&#44; and 11&#37; postfixed OCs&#46; The present study sample consisted of 10&#37; prefixed&#44; 50&#37; normo-fixed&#44; and 40&#37; postfixed OCs&#46; Among nine previous studies&#44; the chiasm percentages have ranged between 5&#37; and 24&#37; prefixed&#44; 65&#37;&#8211;85&#37; normo-fixed&#44; and 4&#37;&#8211;17&#37; postfixed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Yohannan et al&#46; were the first to show that the angle between the optic nerves can be used to predict the location of the OC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> They state that an IOA above 71&#8239;&#8304; has been shown to predict prefixed OC placement with 83&#37; sensitivity and 75&#37; specificity&#46; We found a high rate of postfixed chiasms and a low rate of prefixed chiasms&#46; The IOA were also predominantly obtuse&#44; which could be due to the genetic characteristics of various ethnic populations&#46; The individuals participated in our study were all chosen from the Turkish population&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Long et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> examined the MRI of 157 children and 323 adults and found a higher rate of prefixed chiasms than us of 16&#46;7&#37;&#46; This was likely due to the inclusion of children as the study indicated a high rate of prefixed OCs in children&#46; As a child ages&#44; the OC location appears to move posteriorly toward the dorsum sellae&#46; The rate of prefixed chiasm in the children was higher than adults &#40;&#37;20&#46;4 and &#37;14&#46;9 respectively&#41;&#46; These results should be borne in mind when surgeons are dealing with younger patients as the likelihood of an anteriorly positioned OC will be higher&#46; Usually subfrontal approach is a bit more difficult in the presence of prefixed OC&#44; when confronting lesions below the chiam&#44; thus endoscopic approach becomes more favored by the surgeons&#44; but pneumatization types of the sphenoid sinus in young patients should not be forgotten as presellar &#40;juvenile &#37;10&#8211;25&#41; and conchal &#40;fetal &#37;2&#41; types of shenoid sinuses are seen frequently&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Presence of these two types of sinuses represent greater risk of injury to the adjacent neuro-vascular structures along with the need of excessive drilling&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gulsen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> examined the position of the chiasm and the relationship between pituitary stalk positions and the diaphragma sellae in 60 cadaveric specimens&#46; Their rate of prefixed OC was similar to ours&#44; but their postfixed OC rate was lower and their normo-fixed rate was higher than ours&#46; They emphasized that the shape and the opening of FDS along with the chiasmal position and cisternal anatomy are crucial important for preventing injury of vital structures&#46; When prominent tuberculum sellae is present with stalk positioned slightly behind the tuberculum &#40;e&#46;c prefix chiasm&#41; the injury is more likely to be seen&#46; They found &#37;43 flat diaphragma sellae but the shape didn&#8217;t contribute to position of the stalk and postoperative complications rate&#46; Thus when the stalk is not positioned centrally in the FDS &#40;prefix or postfix chiasm&#41; the risk of injury is higher&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When chiasm is positioned anteriorly &#40;prefix&#41; the opening of the FDS will be narrow so extinction of the mass lesions arising from sellar region will be laterally towards the cavernous sinuses&#46; &#304;n a study conducted by Y&#305;lmazlar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> was reported that the medial wall of the cavernous sinus is a thin barrier consistent of a meningeal dura and becomes more thinner as it extends the posteriorly&#46; Kursat et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> showed also that medial wall of the cavernous sinus are thinner inferorly&#46; &#304;n the presence of lateral extension trans maxillary route or unroofing the carotid tubercules may be needed for total resection&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suprasanna et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> used MRI to measure the IOA in 154 patients and found similar results&#46; The mean angle was 77&#46;99&#8239;&#8304; for prefixed OCs&#44; 73&#46;73&#8239;&#8304; for normo-fixed OCs and 69&#46;38&#8239;&#8304; for postfixed OCs&#46; Their sample contained a high frequency of prefixed chiasms&#44; with a rate of 21&#46;4&#37;&#46; This differs from our study but is consistent with the findings of Yohannan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Both of the other two studies were conducted in India&#44; raising the possibility that their high prefixed OC rates may be endemic&#46; In the Suprasanna et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> study&#44; the mean overall IOA and the mean IOAs for the three chiasm locations were lower than those found in the present study&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Baykal et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> have suggested that IOAs of 117&#46;4&#176;&#8211;132&#46;3&#8239;&#8304; &#40;mean 124&#46;4 &#91;&#177;6&#46;4&#93; &#8304;&#41; indicate a prefixed OC&#44; IOA in the range of 99&#46;4&#176;&#8211;115&#46;6&#8239;&#8304; &#40;mean 107&#46;6 &#91;&#177;4&#46;7&#93;&#8304;&#41; predict normo-fixed OCs and IOC between 72&#46;2&#176; and 92&#46;2&#8239;&#8304; &#40;mean 84&#46;2 &#91;&#177;6&#46;8&#93;&#8304;&#41; indicate postfixed OCs&#46; The rates of prefixed&#44; normo-fixed and postfixed chiasms in their sample were 13&#37;&#44; 67&#37; and 20&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; Our postfixed chiasm rate was higher than this&#44; possibly due to the smaller sample size in our study&#46; However&#44; in the present study&#44; we incorporated measurements of optic nerve lengths into our OC position prediction&#44; rather than just using IOA&#46; This ensures the accuracy of our position predictions&#46; Optic nerve lengths offer a useful additional measure and are particularly useful in cases where pressure on the chiasm from a suprasellar lesion has deformed the IOA&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An MRI study of 40 adult cadavers by Grissenauer et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> investigated the relationship between OC and pituitary stalk locations&#46; They found that the risk of intraoperative injury is lower in those with a postfixed OC&#46; Their results were consistent with previous studies but differed from ours in the ratio of normo-fixed to postfixed OCs&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It should be emphasized that a prefixed OC&#44; especially when combined with a prominent tuberculum sellae&#44; is a significant obstacle during transcranial surgery&#46; The studies described here that analyze the location variations and relationships between the structures surrounding the subchiasmal area provide information that contributes to more satisfactory postoperative results and lower complication and perioperative injury rates&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Yohannan et al&#46; found a strong negative correlation between the length of the intracranial part of the optic nerve and the angle between the two nerves&#46; They showed that&#44; as the optic nerve lengths increase&#44; the angle between them narrows&#46; However&#44; they did not provide cut-off values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Similarly&#44; we observed that&#44; as the length of the optic nerves increases&#44; the angle between the nerves narrows&#46; This means that information about chiasm position can be obtained by measuring the lengths of the optic nerves&#46; According to our data &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#44; optic nerves shorter than 8&#8239;mm are indicative of prefixed chiasms&#46; Normo-fixed chiasms are associated with optic nerve lengths between 8 and 10&#8239;mm&#44; and optic nerve lengths over 10&#8239;mm indicate postfixed chiasms&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pratt et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> studied 21 patients who underwent craniopharyngioma surgery via a trans-eyebrow route&#46; They found a mean optic nerve length of 10&#46;6 &#40;&#177;2&#46;4&#41; mm with a range of 14&#46;1&#8211;5&#46;7&#8239;mm&#46; They found that the optic nerve length was shorter in patients suffering from preoperative hemianopia and the likelihood of bitemporal hemianopia increased when a sellar lesion compressed a prefixed chiasm&#46; We found similar mean lengths of 10&#46;25 &#40;&#177;1&#46;81&#41; mm for the right optic nerve and 10&#46;40 &#40;&#177;1&#46;47&#41; mm for the left optic nerve&#44; with ranges of 7&#46;00&#8211;13&#46;83&#8239;mm for the right and 7&#46;25&#8211;12&#46;51&#8239;mm for the left optic nerve&#46; According to our data and that of Pratt et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> the shorter the optic nerve lengths&#44; the more likely the OC is to be prefixed&#46; Pratt et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> found a higher incidence of successful total resection and better postoperative results in patients with normo-fixed or postfixed OCs than those with prefixed OCs&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#304;n a cases with pituitary adenoma extending to tuberculum sellae or planum sphenoidale transcranial approach will be difficult in patients with prefixed chiasm&#44; while in patient with postfixed or normofixed positioned chiasm transcranial route will be more advantageous&#46; But it has to be in concern that with presence of long optic nerve there might be another obstacles according to the complex anatomic structures and reaching the stalk area through the opticocarotid window should be preferred &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Short optic nerve represent a challenge during subfrontal approach at the same time&#44; so thus this corridor may also be preferred in the presence of long optic nerve &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A prefixed OC is a challenge for the surgeon using a subfrontal approach to sellar lesion surgery&#46; Therefore&#44; awareness of the OC position prior to surgery is extremely helpful&#46; In this study&#44; we ascertained that&#44; as the angle between the optic nerves widens&#44; the likelihood that the OC is prefixed increases&#59; as the angle between the nerves narrows&#44; the probability that the OC is postfixed increases&#46; Also&#44; as the length of the optic nerves increases&#44; the interoptic angle narrows&#44; and a short optic nerve length corresponds with a wide interoptic angle &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Hence&#44; as these simple measurements can be obtained in vivo with MRI the location of the chiasm can be predicted preoperatively and an operative access route can be planned&#46; It may not be possible to evaluate this angle with MRI in larger tumors in retrochiasmatic locations that stretch the optic nerve &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; Depending on the direction of extension of the tumor and the anatomic location of the chiasm&#44; the patient&#39;s visual defect may differ&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusions</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The position of the OC is an important consideration in surgeries for suprasellar lesions&#46; Previous research has found that around 30&#37; of OCs are positioned outside of the expected area&#46; It is well known that nonnormal variations in this position can affect clinical outcomes and complicate surgical procedures&#46; We have proposed a simple calculation using MRI measurements of the optic nerve lengths and the angle between them to predict the relative location of the OC This will enable surgeons to plan the most beneficial surgical route for each suprasellar lesion operation&#46; As this study used specimens with no local pathologies&#44; further research using cadavers with relevant pathologies would be beneficial&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Author contributions</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reyhan Kasab and Selcuk Y&#305;lmazlar contributed to the design and efficient implementation of this cadaveric study&#44; to the analysis of the data and to the writing of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reyhan Kasab executed the cadaveric dissections and performed the measurements&#44; also wrote the manuscript under supervision of Selcuk Y&#305;lmazlar&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oguz Altunyuva helped with writing manuscript and executing the anatomical dissections&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recep Fedakar was involved in obtaining the material to this study&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All authors provided critical feedback and discussed the results of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Funding</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was supported by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">Turkish Neurosurgical Society</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest</p></span></span>"
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            2 => "Interoptic chiasm"
            3 => "Optic nerve length"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The sellar region is an area in the base of the skull that is among the most common sites for tumors of the central nervous system&#46; Surgical interventions are currently performed via different routes&#46; While the optic chiasm occupies its expected position in 70&#37; of the population&#44; it can deviate from this position&#46; In such cases&#44; surgery involving this region becomes more difficult as the known surgical routes are narrowed&#46; Advance awareness of these variations can help surgeons to identify the optimal route for safe surgical intervention in the sellar region&#46; By performing simple measurements of both the lengths of the optic nerves and the angle between them&#44; a surgeon can predict the location of the chiasm&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Twenty specimens collected from autopsies performed at Bursa Forensic Medicine &#304;nstitute were examined to determine the optic chiasm types and the relationships between the surrounding subchiasmal structures&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Among the 20 specimens&#44; we found two prefixed &#40;10&#37;&#41;&#44; 10 normo-fixed &#40;50&#37;&#41;&#44; and eight postfixed chiasms &#40;40&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean interoptic angle was 81&#46;03 &#40;&#177;17&#46;41&#41;&#8304;&#46; Prefixed chiasms had angles in the range 115&#46;36&#176;&#8211;124&#46;76&#8239;&#176; &#40;mean 120&#46;06 &#91;&#177;6&#46;65&#93;&#8304;&#41;&#44; normo-fixed chiasm angles were between 83&#46;11&#176; and 97&#46;53&#8239;&#176; &#40;mean 86&#46;07 &#91;&#177;6&#46;73&#93;&#8304;&#41;&#44; and postfixed chiasms ranged between 53&#46;01&#8239;&#176; and 78&#46;71&#8239;&#176; &#40;mean 69&#46;20 &#91;&#177;9&#46;13&#93;&#8304;&#41;&#46; The length of the right optic nerve ranged between 6&#46;95 and 13&#46;83&#8239;mm &#40;mean 10&#46;25 &#91;&#177;1&#46;81&#93; mm&#41;&#44; and the length of the left between 7&#46;25 and 12&#46;51&#8239;mm &#40;mean 10&#46;40 &#91;&#177;1&#46;47&#93; mm&#41;&#46; Obtuse angles indicated that the chiasm was prefixed&#44; and acute angles were indicative of a postfixed chiasm&#46; There was a strong negative correlation between optic nerve lengths and the interoptic angle&#59; thus&#44; as the length of the nerves increases&#44; the interoptic angle becomes more acute&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We have proposed a simple measurement of the optic nerve lengths and the angle between them to predict the relative location of the OC&#44; which can be done easily on MRI&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n y objetivos</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La regi&#243;n selar es un &#225;rea en la base del cr&#225;neo que se encuentra entre los sitios m&#225;s comunes para los tumores del sistema nervioso central&#46; Actualmente las intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas se realizan por diferentes v&#237;as&#46; Si bien el quiasma &#243;ptico ocupa su posici&#243;n esperada en el 70&#37; de la poblaci&#243;n&#44; puede desviarse de esta posici&#243;n&#46; En tales casos&#44; la cirug&#237;a que afecta a esta regi&#243;n se vuelve m&#225;s dif&#237;cil a medida que se estrechan las v&#237;as quir&#250;rgicas conocidas&#46; El conocimiento previo de estas variaciones puede ayudar a los cirujanos a identificar la ruta &#243;ptima para una intervenci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica segura en la regi&#243;n selar&#46; Al realizar mediciones simples de la longitud de los nervios &#243;pticos y del &#225;ngulo entre ellos&#44; un cirujano puede predecir la ubicaci&#243;n del quiasma&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se examinaron veinte muestras recolectadas de autopsias realizadas en el Instituto de Medicina Forense de Bursa para determinar los tipos de quiasma &#243;ptico y las relaciones entre las estructuras subquiasm&#225;ticas circundantes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Entre los 20 espec&#237;menes&#44; encontramos dos quiasmas prefijados &#40;10&#37;&#41;&#44; 10 normofijados &#40;50&#37;&#41; y ocho postfijados &#40;40&#37;&#41;&#46; El &#225;ngulo inter&#243;ptico medio fue de 81&#44;03 &#40;&#177;17&#44;41&#41;&#8304;&#46; Los quiasmas prefijados ten&#237;an &#225;ngulos en el rango de 115&#44;36&#8239;&#176;&#8211;124&#44;76&#8239;&#8304; &#40;media 120&#44;06 &#91;&#177;6&#44;65&#93;&#8304;&#41;&#44; los &#225;ngulos de quiasma normofijados estaban entre 83&#44;11&#8239;&#176;&#8211;97&#44;53&#8239;&#176; &#40;media 86&#44;07 &#91;&#177;6&#44;73&#93;&#8304;&#41; y los quiasmas posfijados oscilaban entre 53&#44;01&#8239;&#176;&#8211;78&#44;71&#8239;&#176; &#40;media 69&#44;20 &#91;&#177;9&#44;13&#93;&#8304;&#41;&#46; La longitud del nervio &#243;ptico derecho oscil&#243; entre 6&#44;95 y 13&#44;83&#8239;mm &#40;media 10&#44;25 &#91;&#177;1&#44;81&#93; mm&#41; y la longitud del izquierdo entre 7&#44;25 y 12&#44;51&#8239;mm &#40;media 10&#44;40 &#91;&#177;1&#44;47&#93; mm&#41;&#46; Los &#225;ngulos obtusos indicaron que el quiasma ten&#237;a un prefijo y los &#225;ngulos agudos indicaban un quiasma posfijado&#46; Hubo una fuerte correlaci&#243;n negativa entre la longitud del nervio &#243;ptico y el &#225;ngulo inter&#243;ptico&#59; por tanto&#44; a medida que aumenta la longitud de los nervios&#44; el &#225;ngulo inter&#243;ptico se vuelve m&#225;s agudo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hemos propuesto una medici&#243;n simple de la longitud del nervio &#243;ptico y el &#225;ngulo entre ellos para predecir la ubicaci&#243;n relativa del CO&#44; lo que se puede realizar f&#225;cilmente en la resonancia magn&#233;tica&#46;</p></span>"
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            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; The view of parasellar area through right pterional&#47;subtemporal window&#59; &#40;B&#41; Chiasmal area seen through the subfrontal approach with frontal lobe retracted&#46; ACP&#58; Anterior Clinoid Process&#44; AcoA&#58; Anterior Communicating Artery&#44; A1&#58; Anterior Cerebral Artery first segment&#44; A2&#58; Anterior Cerebral Artery second segment&#44; AchoA&#58; Anterior Choroidal Artery&#44; BA&#58; Basillar Artery&#44; ICA&#58; &#304;nternal Carotid Artery&#44; OcN&#58; Oculomotor Nerve&#44; ON&#58; Optic Nerve&#44; PG&#58; Pituitary Gland&#44; PCA&#58; Posterior Cerebral Artery&#44; PcoA&#58; Posterior Communicating Artery&#44; SCA&#58; Superior Cerebellar Artery&#44; ts&#58; Tuberculum Sella&#44; &#42;&#58; free edge of tentorium&#44; &#42;&#42;&#58; Recurrent Artery of Heubner&#44; arrowhead&#58; Lateral Lenticulostriate Arteries&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1188
            "Ancho" => 3175
            "Tamanyo" => 257759
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0015"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Measurements made on preoperative T2 MRI images of patients with obtuse &#40;A&#41;&#44; narrow &#40;B&#41; and acute &#40;C&#41; interoptic angle suggesting prefix&#44; normofix and postfix chiasm respectively&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2384
            "Ancho" => 3341
            "Tamanyo" => 664557
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0020"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Preoperative examinations of patient which underwent craniopharyngioma surgery in our clinic&#59; &#40;A&#41; coronal T2 weighted image showing the mass lesion applying pressure on the chiasm from below&#59; &#40;B&#41; Sagittal T1 weighted image showing the mass lesion displacing the chiasm posteriorly&#44; it is notable that although craniopharyngioma grow in a retrochiasmatic manner&#44; in this case lesion is compressing the front of the chiasm due to postfix location&#59; &#40;C&#41; Axial T2 weighted image showing the length of right optic nerve-12&#46;18&#8239;mm and left optic nerve-11&#46;53&#8239;mm&#44; and the lesion is anterior inferiorly placed to the chiasm&#59; &#40;D&#44; E&#41; the mass lesion is pressing chiasm from below and there is no extinction to the optic pathways&#44; &#40;F&#44;G&#41; visual tests of the patient in which is seen that there is no any deterioration&#44; LON&#58; left optic nerve&#44; LOT&#58; left optic tractus&#44; RON&#58; right optic nerve&#44; ROT&#58; right optic tractus&#44; OS&#58; oculus sinister-left eye&#44; OD&#58; oculus dexter-right eye&#44; &#42;&#58; optic chiasm&#44; white arrowhead&#58; mass lesion &#40;craniopharingioma&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1106
            "Ancho" => 1675
            "Tamanyo" => 150230
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0025"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Perioperative image of the same patient&#44; showing the resection of the craniopharingioma through the right opticocarotid corridor&#46; The mass is in front of the chiasm&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0030"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IOA&#44; interoptic angle&#59; SD&#44; standard deviation&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Chiasm position&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46; of cases &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean IOA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prefixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">120&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normo-fixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Postfixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;40&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3686353.png"
              ]
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of optic chiasm positions and mean interoptic angles of 20 postmortem specimens&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0035"
            "detalle" => "Table "
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IOA&#44; interoptic angle&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Specimen no&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IOA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Optic nerve length &#40;left&#47;right&#41; mm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Chiasm position&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">89&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;56&#47;9&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normo-fixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;54&#47;11&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Postfixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">89&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;55&#47;10&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normo-fixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;45&#47;11&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Postfixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;02&#47;11&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Postfixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;83&#47;12&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Postfixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;89&#47;12&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Postfixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">115&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;00&#47;7&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prefixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">124&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;95&#47;7&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prefixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;38&#47;9&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normo-fixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;19&#47;9&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normo-fixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;96&#47;9&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normo-fixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;13&#47;10&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Postfixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;12&#47;10&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Postfixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;24&#47;11&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Postfixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;49&#47;12&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Postfixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;53&#47;9&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normo-fixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;83&#47;10&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normo-fixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">76&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;32&#47;10&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Postfixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;06&#47;9&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normo-fixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3686354.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Interoptic angles and optic nerve length of 20 specimens according to chiasm position&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      7 => array:8 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          0 => array:3 [
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            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">OC&#44; optic chiasm&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">References&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prefixed OC &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Normo-fixed OC &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Postfixed OC &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bergland<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yohannan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Rhoton<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Gulsen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Suprasanna<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Baykal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Grissenauer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Pratt<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percentage of previous study samples with the optic chiasm in prefixed&#44; normo-fixed and postfixed positions&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
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Clinical Research
Available online 11 October 2024
Relationship between optic nerve length and interoptic angle in the prediction of optic chiasm location
Relación entre la longitud del nervio óptico y el ángulo interóptico en la predicción de la ubicación del quiasma óptico
Reyhan Kasaba, Selcuk Yilmazlara,
Corresponding author
selsus@uludag.edu.tr

Corresponding author.
, Oguz Altunyuvaa, Recep Fedakarb
a Bursa Uludag University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Bursa, Turkey
b Bursa Uludag University School of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
Received 29 December 2023. Accepted 17 September 2024
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Abstract
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Tables (3)
Table 1. Distribution of optic chiasm positions and mean interoptic angles of 20 postmortem specimens.
Table 2. Interoptic angles and optic nerve length of 20 specimens according to chiasm position.
Table 3. Percentage of previous study samples with the optic chiasm in prefixed, normo-fixed and postfixed positions.
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Abstract
Introduction and objectives

The sellar region is an area in the base of the skull that is among the most common sites for tumors of the central nervous system. Surgical interventions are currently performed via different routes. While the optic chiasm occupies its expected position in 70% of the population, it can deviate from this position. In such cases, surgery involving this region becomes more difficult as the known surgical routes are narrowed. Advance awareness of these variations can help surgeons to identify the optimal route for safe surgical intervention in the sellar region. By performing simple measurements of both the lengths of the optic nerves and the angle between them, a surgeon can predict the location of the chiasm.

Materials and methods

Twenty specimens collected from autopsies performed at Bursa Forensic Medicine İnstitute were examined to determine the optic chiasm types and the relationships between the surrounding subchiasmal structures.

Results

Among the 20 specimens, we found two prefixed (10%), 10 normo-fixed (50%), and eight postfixed chiasms (40%). The mean interoptic angle was 81.03 (±17.41)⁰. Prefixed chiasms had angles in the range 115.36°–124.76 ° (mean 120.06 [±6.65]⁰), normo-fixed chiasm angles were between 83.11° and 97.53 ° (mean 86.07 [±6.73]⁰), and postfixed chiasms ranged between 53.01 ° and 78.71 ° (mean 69.20 [±9.13]⁰). The length of the right optic nerve ranged between 6.95 and 13.83 mm (mean 10.25 [±1.81] mm), and the length of the left between 7.25 and 12.51 mm (mean 10.40 [±1.47] mm). Obtuse angles indicated that the chiasm was prefixed, and acute angles were indicative of a postfixed chiasm. There was a strong negative correlation between optic nerve lengths and the interoptic angle; thus, as the length of the nerves increases, the interoptic angle becomes more acute.

Conclusions

We have proposed a simple measurement of the optic nerve lengths and the angle between them to predict the relative location of the OC, which can be done easily on MRI.

Keywords:
Optic angle
Chiasm variations
Interoptic chiasm
Optic nerve length
Resumen
Introducción y objetivos

La región selar es un área en la base del cráneo que se encuentra entre los sitios más comunes para los tumores del sistema nervioso central. Actualmente las intervenciones quirúrgicas se realizan por diferentes vías. Si bien el quiasma óptico ocupa su posición esperada en el 70% de la población, puede desviarse de esta posición. En tales casos, la cirugía que afecta a esta región se vuelve más difícil a medida que se estrechan las vías quirúrgicas conocidas. El conocimiento previo de estas variaciones puede ayudar a los cirujanos a identificar la ruta óptima para una intervención quirúrgica segura en la región selar. Al realizar mediciones simples de la longitud de los nervios ópticos y del ángulo entre ellos, un cirujano puede predecir la ubicación del quiasma.

Materiales y métodos

Se examinaron veinte muestras recolectadas de autopsias realizadas en el Instituto de Medicina Forense de Bursa para determinar los tipos de quiasma óptico y las relaciones entre las estructuras subquiasmáticas circundantes.

Resultados

Entre los 20 especímenes, encontramos dos quiasmas prefijados (10%), 10 normofijados (50%) y ocho postfijados (40%). El ángulo interóptico medio fue de 81,03 (±17,41)⁰. Los quiasmas prefijados tenían ángulos en el rango de 115,36 °–124,76 ⁰ (media 120,06 [±6,65]⁰), los ángulos de quiasma normofijados estaban entre 83,11 °–97,53 ° (media 86,07 [±6,73]⁰) y los quiasmas posfijados oscilaban entre 53,01 °–78,71 ° (media 69,20 [±9,13]⁰). La longitud del nervio óptico derecho osciló entre 6,95 y 13,83 mm (media 10,25 [±1,81] mm) y la longitud del izquierdo entre 7,25 y 12,51 mm (media 10,40 [±1,47] mm). Los ángulos obtusos indicaron que el quiasma tenía un prefijo y los ángulos agudos indicaban un quiasma posfijado. Hubo una fuerte correlación negativa entre la longitud del nervio óptico y el ángulo interóptico; por tanto, a medida que aumenta la longitud de los nervios, el ángulo interóptico se vuelve más agudo.

Conclusiones

Hemos propuesto una medición simple de la longitud del nervio óptico y el ángulo entre ellos para predecir la ubicación relativa del CO, lo que se puede realizar fácilmente en la resonancia magnética.

Palabras clave:
Ángulo óptico
Variaciones del quiasma
Quiasma interóptico
Longitud del nervio óptico

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