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repeated surgeries&#44; and complications across different age groups&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Only one systematic review has investigated the effects of various surgical details on the occurrence of implant-related complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> However&#44; there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the long-term outcomes following OSF&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study aims to evaluate both the short-term and long-term outcomes of OSF&#44; identifying potential risk factors for implant-related complications in patients with odontoid fractures&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This retrospective observational cohort study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee&#44; aligning with the principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki&#46; Written consent was obtained from all participants&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted in two phases&#46; The first phase focused on assessing short-term results&#44; which involved examining inpatient medical data of individuals treated with OSF between 2008 and 2020&#46; This phase also included reviewing outpatient medical records from follow-up visits with the operating neurosurgeon at 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months postoperatively&#46; In the second phase&#44; conducted more than 12 months after the OSF&#44; all patients were invited to evaluate the long-term outcomes using CT and comprehensive questionnaires&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inclusion criteria were as follows&#58; 1&#41; Type II fractures &#40;Fig&#46; A&#46;1a in Supplementary material&#41; and rostral Type III fractures &#40;Fig&#46; A&#46;1b in Supplementary material&#41;&#44; 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and degenerative changes in the C1&#8211;C2&#8211;C3 segments&#44; according to Lakshmanan et al&#46;&#39;s criteria &#40;Table A&#46;1 in Supplementary material&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Postoperative evaluations utilized CT reconstructions to assess bone fragment alignment&#44; reduction of atlantoaxial dislocation&#44; the initial point of screw insertion in the C2 vertebra &#40;Fig&#46; A&#46;2 in Supplementary material&#41;&#44; the number of implants used&#44; and whether screws were placed mono- or bicortically&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fusion results were assessed using standard biplanar cervical spine radiography during follow-up visits with the operating neurosurgeon at 3&#44; 6&#44; and 12 months after OSF&#46; Bone fusion was defined by the presence of bony trabeculae crossing the fracture site and the absence of sclerotic borders adjacent to it&#46; A stable fibrous union was characterized by a fracture gap without dislocation and no clinical signs or symptoms of instability during functional radiography&#46; Non-union was defined as a clear fracture gap accompanied by abnormal motion of the fractured dens on dynamic radiographs&#46; All patients who showed no evidence of fusion underwent a cervical spine CT scan&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For assessing long-term results&#44; each patient underwent a clinical examination and completed a questionnaire that included four scales&#58; the SF-36 questionnaire for overall health&#44; a 10-point VAS scale and the Neck Disability Index &#40;NDI&#41; for assessing neck pain intensity and its impact on quality of life&#44; and the Japanese Orthopedic Association &#40;JOA&#41; scale for grading neurological impairment&#46; All included patients also received CT scans of the cervical spine to evaluate the degree of degenerative changes according to Lakshmanan et al&#46;&#39;s criteria in the C1&#8211;C2&#8211;C3 segments&#44; and the presence of implant-related complications&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Surgical technique</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All interventions were conducted under general anesthesia with patients positioned supine&#46; Depending on the surgeon&#39;s preference&#44; C1&#8211;C2 alignment was restored using a Halo-device&#44; a Mayfield clamp&#44; or a closed manual reduction under fluoroscopic guidance&#46; A right-sided anterior approach was utilized&#46; If deemed necessary by the surgeon&#44; a partial resection of the anterior portions of the C2&#8211;C3 disc was performed to facilitate screw insertion through the C2 endplate &#40;Supplementary Video 1&#41;&#46; In cases where the screw was inserted through the anterior-inferior lip of C2&#44; the C2&#8211;C3 disc area was not directly visualized &#40;Supplementary Video 2&#41;&#46; A cannulated screw system was used for all OSF&#46; Under biplanar fluoroscopy&#44; a K-wire was inserted through the body of the C2 vertebra to the tip of the odontoid process&#46; Following this&#44; the bone canal was drilled&#44; and a cannulated screw was inserted&#46; We used 4&#46;0&#160;mm partially threaded screws ranging in length from 36 to 42&#160;mm&#46; The wound was closed without drainage&#46; Postoperatively&#44; cervical spine immobilization was provided for at least one month using a rigid cervical collar&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All required CT analyses were conducted using Radiant DICOM Viewer 2021&#46;2&#46;2 by Medixant&#44; Poznan&#44; Poland&#46; The statistical evaluation was performed using PC STATISTICA &#40;Version 10&#41; by StatSoft&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; USA&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The distribution normality of data was verified through the Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test&#46; The comparison of continuous data across groups utilized the Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test for categorical and dichotomous variables&#44; differences between groups were assessed using the Chi-squared test or Fisher&#39;s exact test as appropriate&#46; Statistical hypothesis testing was executed at a significance level of p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;05&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We compared SF-36 scale data with standardized measures from a corresponding population reference base&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Initially&#44; we standardized the obtained SF-36 values using a previously described formula &#40;Supplement 1&#41;&#46; Subsequently&#44; we employed the Mann-Whitney test to compare these standardized values against the median normal standardized values for corresponding age groups &#40;18&#8211;24&#44; 25&#8211;34&#44; 35&#8211;44&#44; 45&#8211;54&#44; 55&#8211;64&#44; 65&#8211;74&#44; 75 years and older&#41; and by gender &#40;male&#47;female&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Patient demographics</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The process of patient inclusion is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; In total&#44; 56 patients were considered for the analysis of short-term results&#46; There were 40 men and 16 women&#44; the average age was 44&#46;3 years&#46; Type II fractures were detected in almost half of the sample &#40;27 people&#44; 48&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Most patients who underwent OSF &#40;83&#46;9&#37;&#41; were neurologically intact&#46; The general characteristics of these patients are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In total&#44; 26 patients &#40;21 males and 5 females&#44; mean age at the time of follow-up &#8211; 49&#46;2 years&#41; were evaluated for long-term results&#46; Three patients&#44; who had changed their residence&#44; declined hospital visit and were instead followed up using questionnaires administered over telephone calls&#44; with the filled informed consent forms sent via email&#46; The mean duration of follow-up was 60&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;47&#46;8 months&#44; ranging from 12 to 153 months&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Analysis of preoperative imaging data</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis indicated that there were no significant differences in the displacement of bone fragments&#44; atlantoaxial dislocation&#44; and degenerative changes of C1&#8211;C2 and C2&#8211;C3 segments between patients with Type II and rostral Type III fractures &#40;Table A&#46;2 in Supplementary material&#41;&#46; However&#44; there was a trend towards greater angular deformity among patients with rostral Type III injuries&#44; although this trend did not reach statistical significance &#40;Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test&#44; p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;055&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Surgery details</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The average duration between injury and surgery was 12&#160;&#177;&#160;11 days&#44; with a range from 1 to 48 days&#46; The mean operative duration was 63&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;20&#46;9&#160;min&#44; and the mean intraoperative blood loss was 22&#46;1&#160;&#177;&#160;22&#46;9&#160;ml&#46; There were no significant differences observed between Type II and rostral Type III fractures regarding intraoperative aspects such as the method of head immobilization&#44; number of implants used&#44; starting point localization for OSF&#44; or the decision to perform mono- or bicortical screw insertion &#40;Chi-square test&#44; p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;412&#44; 0&#46;874&#44; 0&#46;801&#44; and 0&#46;760 respectively&#41; &#40;Table A&#46;3 in Supplementary material&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Short-term results</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the patient cohort&#44; two cases of general surgical complications occurred&#44; including instances of pulmonary embolism and gastrointestinal bleeding&#46; However&#44; there were no reports of wound infections or neurological deterioration&#46; During the hospital stay&#44; instances of screw cut-out leading to the recurrence of atlantoaxial dislocation were identified in four patients with rostral Type III fractures &#40;Chi-square test&#44; p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;04&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Implant migration was detected within 3&#8211;12 days post-surgery&#44; typically occurring around day 6&#44; ultimately necessitating posterior atlantoaxial fusion in all cases&#46; The rate of screw cut-out was found to correlate with the degree of dens fragment displacement&#44; with dislocations exceeding 5&#160;mm significantly increasing the risk of fixation failure &#40;Table A&#46;4 in Supplementary material&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; Type II fractures showed no incidence of implant-related complications&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Fusion results</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the 12-month follow-up visit with the operating neurosurgeon&#44; bone fusion was observed in 45 patients &#40;95&#46;7&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46;3</a>&#41;&#46; Stable pseudarthrosis was identified in two cases&#46; The first patient was elderly and presented with multiple C1&#8211;C2 fractures&#44; receiving treatment with OSF and monosegmental C1 fixation in a single-stage surgery &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Since C1&#8211;C2 fusion was not performed&#44; this patient was included in the present study&#46; The second patient underwent double-screw OSF &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; Both patients reported no cervical spine issues&#44; and functional radiographs displayed no instability&#44; leading us to abstain from further surgical interventions and consider these two results satisfactory&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Long-term outcomes</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dynamics of atlantoaxial joint degeneration are summarized in Table A&#46;5 in Supplementary material&#46; Analyzing degenerative changes across the C1&#8211;C2&#8211;C3 segments&#44; we observed C2&#8211;C3 ankylosis in all cases following partial disc resection &#40;Fig&#46; A&#46;2a in Supplementary material&#41;&#46; It is notable that 37&#46;5&#37; of patients with screws placed through the anterior lip of C2 &#40;Fig&#46; A&#46;2b in Supplementary material&#41; showed no C2&#8211;C3 ankylosis&#44; although this finding was statistically insignificant &#40;F-test&#44; p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;079&#41;&#46; We observed a strong trend towards lateral joint ankylosis formation in patients with a median lateral mass dislocation of 11&#46;9&#160;mm &#91;8&#46;7&#8211;15&#46;2&#93; &#40;M&#8211;W test&#44; p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;02&#41;&#46; However&#44; due to the small number of patients&#44; this data had limited statistical power&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The long-term clinical outcomes of OSF are outlined in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; At the final examination&#44; most SF-36 scores either matched or exceeded the corresponding normal median values in the published reference database &#40;Table A&#46;6 in Supplementary material&#41;&#46; Out of the total&#44; only 32 values &#40;15&#46;4&#37;&#41; were below the median norm value and were within the first quartile&#44; while 11 values &#40;5&#46;3&#37;&#41; were significantly below the 25th percentile or were considered outliers&#46; When comparing the standardized SF-36 parameters of the patients with the normal values from the reference database&#44; we observed no significant decrease in quality-of-life following OSF &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The surgical treatment of odontoid process fractures remains a topic of considerable debate&#46; OSF presents an effective method for managing these injuries&#46; Typically&#44; the indications for OSF include type II and &#34;shallow&#34; type III fractures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> This method is considering to be the gold standard for these injuries due to its minimal invasiveness&#44; simplicity of patient positioning&#44; optional rigid head fixation&#44; reduced operative time compared to other methods of atlantoaxial fusion&#44; and the low cost of the construct owing to the possibility of using only one screw&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;8</span></a> Contraindications for this method include type III injuries&#44; osteoporosis&#44; anatomical features of the patient&#44; and pathological fractures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; there is detailed discussion on various aspects of the OSF technique&#44; including the screw insertion point localization &#40;see Fig&#46; A&#46;2 in Supplementary material&#41;&#44; the choice between mono- or bicortical screw placement&#44; the method of intraoperative head immobilization&#44; and the number of implants utilized&#46; The minimally invasive approach to OSF involves placing a monocortical screw through the anterior-inferior lip of C2 using a cannulated instrument&#46; Inserting the screw through the C2 endplate complicates the procedure due to the partial removal of the C2&#8211;C3 disc at the insertion point&#44; necessitating broader approach for direct C2&#8211;C3 disc visualization&#46; When employing a cannulated instrument for bicortical placement&#44; there&#39;s a risk of K-wire migration toward the brainstem during the screw insertion&#46; Patients with a thick neck require bilateral access for a double-screw OSF technique&#46; Recent meta-analyses&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> alongside data from the present study&#44; support the efficacy of minimally invasive single screw monocortical fixation via the anteroinferior lip of C2 without head immobilization&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An important aspect of this study is the distinct categorization of patients into two groups based on the types of fractures they sustained&#44; as illustrated in Fig&#46; A&#46;1a and A&#46;1b in Supplementary material&#46; Many authors have not differentiated between Type II fractures and rostral Type III fractures&#44; treating them as equivalent&#46; Those who intended to analyze these distinctions<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> did not find any significant differences&#46; In the present study&#44; screw cut-out was exclusively observed in patients with rostral Type III injuries&#46; The patient groups with Type II and rostral Type III fractures displayed homogeneity in terms of radiological characteristics &#40;Table A&#46;2 in Supplementary material&#41; and the OSF techniques employed &#40;Table A&#46;3 in Supplementary material&#41;&#46; The incidence of screw cut-out was significantly higher in patients exhibiting a dens fragment dislocation of 5&#160;mm or more&#46; Consequently&#44; this study identifies rostral Type III fractures with a fragment dislocation of 5&#160;mm or more as a significant risk factor for implant cut-out&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Published guidelines <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> suggest that a delay exceeding 10 days from injury to surgery is a possible contraindication for OSF&#46; However&#44; in our study&#44; approximately half of the patients underwent surgery more than 10 days after their injury&#44; with an additional 12&#46;5&#37; operated on during an intermediate post-injury period&#46; Notably&#44; these patients experienced no implant-related complications&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; our study includes a comparative evaluation of the long-term functional outcomes of OSF using the SF-36 scale&#46; When compared to the normal population&#44; there was no significant impact on the quality of life of patients up to 12 years post-surgery&#44; highlighting another benefit of this surgical approach&#46; A unique aspect of our research was assessing degenerative changes in the C1&#8211;C2&#8211;C3 joints&#46; Some authors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> have shown that OSF does not lead to adjacent level degeneration&#46; Their conclusions were based on 6-month CT data and standard radiography&#46; We suggest that this timeframe is too short for CT scans to determine C2&#8211;C3 disc degeneration&#46; Moreover&#44; it is impossible to make this determination based on standard radiography due to its lower image quality&#46; In our study&#44; depending on the initial screw placement&#44; most patients showed ankylosis of the C2&#8211;C3 segment&#46; This phenomenon was absent in one-third of the patients where OSF was performed through the anteroinferior lip of C2&#44; emphasizing the advantages of the minimally invasive technique with a cannulated instrument&#46; Additionally&#44; we observed a trend towards ankylosis in lateral joints with dislocations of 11&#160;mm or more&#46; This observation could be crucial in selecting the fusion method &#40;OSF or atlantoaxial&#41; and in predicting long-term surgical outcomes&#46;</p><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Study limitations</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One significant limitation of this study is the number of patients available for long-term results evaluation&#46; Analyzing the entire patient sample could provide more precise data on C1&#8211;C2&#8211;C3 segment degeneration and enable a more effective analysis of clinical scales data&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conclusion</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OSF is a reliable treatment method of type II and rostral type III odontoid fractures with fragment displacement of 4&#160;mm or less&#46; The minimally invasive OSF through the anterior-inferior lip of C2&#44; using monocortical screw placement and cannulated instruments&#44; without rigid intraoperative head immobilization&#44; is sufficient to achieve favorable clinical and fusion results&#46; Additionally&#44; this technique reduces the risk of ankylosis in the C2&#8211;C3 segment&#46; OSF restore the quality of life for patients with odontoid fractures to levels comparable to those of the general population norm&#46; Nevertheless&#44; further research with a higher level of evidence is required to establish the optimal surgical strategy for odontoid fractures&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Funding</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No special funding was received in support of this study&#46; No benefits in any form have been or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to this manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Disclosures</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate both the short-term and long-term outcomes of odontoid screw fixation &#40;OSF&#41;&#44; identifying potential risk factors for implant-related complications in patients with odontoid fractures&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This is a retrospective observational cohort study&#46; Inclusion criteria were as follows&#58; 1&#41; Type II fractures and rostral Type III fractures&#44; according to the Anderson and D&#8217;Alonzo classification&#59; 2&#41; patients older than 15 years&#46; Exclusion criteria were&#58; 1&#41; other Type III injuries&#59; 2&#41; osteoporosis confirmed by densitometry or a CT bone density score below 100&#160;Hounsfield units&#59; 3&#41; odontoid fractures related to tumors or aneurysmal bone cysts&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In total&#44; 56 patients were considered for the analysis of short-term results&#44; and 26 patients were evaluated for long-term outcomes&#46; No significant differences were observed in the preoperative imaging data and intraoperative features of OSF between patients with Type II and rostral Type III fractures&#46; The mean operative duration was 63&#46;9&#160;&#177;&#160;20&#46;9&#160;min&#44; and the mean intraoperative blood loss was 22&#46;1&#160;&#177;&#160;22&#46;9&#160;ml&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Screw cut-out was identified in four patients with rostral Type III fractures &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;04&#41;&#46; The rate of screw cut-out was found to correlate with the degree of dens fragment displacement&#46; The bone fusion rate was 95&#46;7&#37;&#46; CT scans identified stable pseudarthrosis in two cases&#46; We observed C2&#8211;C3 ankylosis in all cases following partial disc resection&#46; One third of patients with screws placed through the anterior lip of C2 showed no C2&#8211;C3 ankylosis&#46; A strong trend towards lateral joint ankylosis formation in patients with a median lateral mass dislocation of 11&#46;9&#160;mm was observed&#46; Most SF-36 scores either matched or exceeded the corresponding normal median values in the published reference database&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">OSF is a reliable treatment method of Type II and rostral Type III odontoid fractures with fragment displacement of 4&#160;mm or less&#46; The minimally invasive OSF through the anterior-inferior lip of C2&#44; using monocortical screw placement and cannulated instruments&#44; without rigid intraoperative head immobilization&#44; is sufficient to achieve favorable clinical and fusion results&#46; This technique reduces the risk of ankylosis in the C2&#8211;C3 segment&#46; OSF restore the quality of life for patients with odontoid fractures to levels comparable to those of the general population norm&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar tanto los resultados a corto como a largo plazo de la fijaci&#243;n con tornillo del odontoide &#40;OSF&#41;&#44; identificando posibles factores de riesgo para complicaciones relacionadas con el implante en pacientes con fracturas odontoides&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este es un estudio de cohorte observacional retrospectivo&#46; Los criterios de inclusi&#243;n fueron los siguientes&#58; 1&#41; fracturas Tipo II y fracturas Tipo III rostral&#44; seg&#250;n la clasificaci&#243;n de Anderson y D&#8217;Alonzo&#59; 2&#41; pacientes mayores de 15 a&#241;os&#46; Los criterios de exclusi&#243;n fueron&#58; 1&#41; otras lesiones Tipo III&#59; 2&#41; osteoporosis confirmada por densitometr&#237;a o una puntuaci&#243;n de densidad &#243;sea en CT por debajo de 100 unidades Hounsfield&#59; 3&#41; fracturas odontoides relacionadas con tumores o quistes &#243;seos aneurism&#225;ticos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En total&#44; 56 pacientes fueron considerados para el an&#225;lisis de resultados a corto plazo&#44; y 26 pacientes fueron evaluados para resultados a largo plazo&#46; No se observaron diferencias significativas en los datos de imagen preoperatoria y caracter&#237;sticas intraoperatorias de la OSF entre pacientes con fracturas Tipo II y Tipo III rostral&#46; La duraci&#243;n media de la operaci&#243;n fue de 63&#44;9&#160;&#177;&#160;20&#44;9 minutos&#44; y la p&#233;rdida media de sangre intraoperatoria fue de 22&#44;1&#160;&#177;&#160;22&#44;9&#160;ml&#46;</p><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El desplazamiento del tornillo se identific&#243; en cuatro pacientes con fracturas Tipo III rostral &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;04&#41;&#46; Se encontr&#243; que la tasa de desplazamiento del tornillo estaba correlacionada con el grado de desplazamiento del fragmento del dens&#46; La tasa de fusi&#243;n &#243;sea fue del 95&#46;7&#37;&#46; Las tomograf&#237;as computarizadas identificaron pseudartrosis estables en dos casos&#46; Observamos anquilosis C2&#8211;C3 en todos los casos tras la resecci&#243;n parcial del disco&#46; Un tercio de los pacientes con tornillos colocados a trav&#233;s del labio anterior de C2 no mostraron anquilosis C2&#8211;C3&#46; Se observ&#243; una fuerte tendencia hacia la formaci&#243;n de anquilosis de la articulaci&#243;n lateral en pacientes con una dislocaci&#243;n lateral media de la masa de 11&#44;9&#160;mm&#46; La mayor&#237;a de las puntuaciones SF-36 coincidieron o superaron los valores medianos normales correspondientes en la base de datos de referencia publicada&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La OSF es un m&#233;todo de tratamiento confiable para fracturas odontoides de tipo II y tipo III rostral con desplazamiento del fragmento de 4&#160;mm o menos&#46; La OSF m&#237;nimamente invasiva a trav&#233;s del labio anteroinferior de C2&#44; utilizando colocaci&#243;n de tornillo monocortical e instrumentos canulados&#44; sin inmovilizaci&#243;n r&#237;gida intraoperatoria de la cabeza&#44; es suficiente para lograr resultados cl&#237;nicos y de fusi&#243;n favorables&#46; Esta t&#233;cnica reduce el riesgo de anquilosis en el segmento C2-C3&#46; La OSF restaura la calidad de vida de los pacientes con fracturas odontoides a niveles comparables a los de la norma de la poblaci&#243;n general&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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            "apendice" => "<p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are Supplementary data to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0035"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0040"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0045"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0050"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0055"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0060"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0065"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0070"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0075"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0080"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary data"
            "identificador" => "sec0095"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients inclusion flowchart&#46;</p>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Screw cut-out in patient with rostral Type III fracture&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bone fusion in a patient with Type II fracture after odontoid screw fixation&#46;</p>"
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        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Implant failure with a stable fibrous union in a patient with a Type II fracture following odontoid screw fixation &#40;a&#41;&#44; and subsequent fusion of the C1 ring observed with monosegmental C1 screw-rod reconstruction &#40;b&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stable fibrous union in a patient following double-screw odontoid fixation&#44; sagittal &#40;a&#41; and frontal &#40;b&#41; planes&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of patients &#40;percentage&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Demographic data</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&#46;3&#160;&#177;&#160;20&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male&#47;female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;71&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#47;16 &#40;28&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RTA&#44; driver or passenger&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;28&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pedestrian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;8&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Motorcycle&#44; quad bike&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Catatrauma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;19&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fall from standing height&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;14&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Others&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;25&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Type of odontoid fracture</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Type II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;48&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rostral type III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;51&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">ASIA at admission</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>E&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;83&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;5&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;5&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Coma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Days after trauma before surgery</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8722;3 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;17&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#8722;21 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;69&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#8722;48 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Early postoperative complications</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pulmonary embolism&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gastrointestinal bleeding&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Screw cut out&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;7&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab3645912.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of demographic data and postoperative complications &#40;n&#160;&#61;&#160;56&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:8 [
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameter&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mean follow-up&#44; months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&#46;0&#160;&#177;&#160;47&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NDI&#44; Me &#91;Q1&#8211;Q3&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;5 &#91;0&#8211;6&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">JOA&#44; Me &#91;Q1&#8211;Q3&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#91;17&#8722;17&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">VAS&#44; Me &#91;Q1&#8211;Q3&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#91;0&#8211;2&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SF-36&#44; Me &#91;Q1&#8211;Q3&#93;&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95 &#91;85&#8211;100&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#91;25&#8211;100&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">BP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#91;64&#8211;100&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74&#46;5 &#91;60&#8211;92&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">VT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#91;65&#8211;90&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&#46;5 &#91;62&#46;5&#8211;87&#46;5&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#91;100 &#8211; 100&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82 &#91;72&#8211;96&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab3645911.png"
              ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Long-term functional outcomes in patients after odontoid screw fixation &#40;n&#160;&#61;&#160;26&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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Vol. 35. Issue 5.
Pages 233-240 (September - October 2024)
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Vol. 35. Issue 5.
Pages 233-240 (September - October 2024)
Clinical Research
Short-term and long-term results of odontoid screw fixation in patients with Type II and rostral Type III dens fractures
Resultados a corto y largo plazo de la fijación con tornillo del odontoide en pacientes con fracturas del dens tipo II y tipo III rostral
Ivan Lvov
Corresponding author
dr.speleolog@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Andrey Grin, Aleksandr Talypov, Anton Kordonskiy, Aleksandr Tupikin
Department of Neurosurgery, Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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Table 1. Summary of demographic data and postoperative complications (n = 56).
Table 2. Long-term functional outcomes in patients after odontoid screw fixation (n = 26).
Table 3. Long-term functional outcomes according to SF-36 scale comparing with normal median standardized measures (n = 26).
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Additional material (16)
Abstract
Objectives

To evaluate both the short-term and long-term outcomes of odontoid screw fixation (OSF), identifying potential risk factors for implant-related complications in patients with odontoid fractures.

Methods

This is a retrospective observational cohort study. Inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) Type II fractures and rostral Type III fractures, according to the Anderson and D’Alonzo classification; 2) patients older than 15 years. Exclusion criteria were: 1) other Type III injuries; 2) osteoporosis confirmed by densitometry or a CT bone density score below 100 Hounsfield units; 3) odontoid fractures related to tumors or aneurysmal bone cysts.

Results

In total, 56 patients were considered for the analysis of short-term results, and 26 patients were evaluated for long-term outcomes. No significant differences were observed in the preoperative imaging data and intraoperative features of OSF between patients with Type II and rostral Type III fractures. The mean operative duration was 63.9 ± 20.9 min, and the mean intraoperative blood loss was 22.1 ± 22.9 ml.

Screw cut-out was identified in four patients with rostral Type III fractures (p = 0.04). The rate of screw cut-out was found to correlate with the degree of dens fragment displacement. The bone fusion rate was 95.7%. CT scans identified stable pseudarthrosis in two cases. We observed C2–C3 ankylosis in all cases following partial disc resection. One third of patients with screws placed through the anterior lip of C2 showed no C2–C3 ankylosis. A strong trend towards lateral joint ankylosis formation in patients with a median lateral mass dislocation of 11.9 mm was observed. Most SF-36 scores either matched or exceeded the corresponding normal median values in the published reference database.

Conclusions

OSF is a reliable treatment method of Type II and rostral Type III odontoid fractures with fragment displacement of 4 mm or less. The minimally invasive OSF through the anterior-inferior lip of C2, using monocortical screw placement and cannulated instruments, without rigid intraoperative head immobilization, is sufficient to achieve favorable clinical and fusion results. This technique reduces the risk of ankylosis in the C2–C3 segment. OSF restore the quality of life for patients with odontoid fractures to levels comparable to those of the general population norm.

Keywords:
Dens fracture
Odontoid fracture
Odontoid screw fixation
C1–C2 fusion
Upper cervical spine
Abbreviations:
CT
OSF
Resumen
Objetivos

Evaluar tanto los resultados a corto como a largo plazo de la fijación con tornillo del odontoide (OSF), identificando posibles factores de riesgo para complicaciones relacionadas con el implante en pacientes con fracturas odontoides.

Métodos

Este es un estudio de cohorte observacional retrospectivo. Los criterios de inclusión fueron los siguientes: 1) fracturas Tipo II y fracturas Tipo III rostral, según la clasificación de Anderson y D’Alonzo; 2) pacientes mayores de 15 años. Los criterios de exclusión fueron: 1) otras lesiones Tipo III; 2) osteoporosis confirmada por densitometría o una puntuación de densidad ósea en CT por debajo de 100 unidades Hounsfield; 3) fracturas odontoides relacionadas con tumores o quistes óseos aneurismáticos.

Resultados

En total, 56 pacientes fueron considerados para el análisis de resultados a corto plazo, y 26 pacientes fueron evaluados para resultados a largo plazo. No se observaron diferencias significativas en los datos de imagen preoperatoria y características intraoperatorias de la OSF entre pacientes con fracturas Tipo II y Tipo III rostral. La duración media de la operación fue de 63,9 ± 20,9 minutos, y la pérdida media de sangre intraoperatoria fue de 22,1 ± 22,9 ml.

El desplazamiento del tornillo se identificó en cuatro pacientes con fracturas Tipo III rostral (p = 0.04). Se encontró que la tasa de desplazamiento del tornillo estaba correlacionada con el grado de desplazamiento del fragmento del dens. La tasa de fusión ósea fue del 95.7%. Las tomografías computarizadas identificaron pseudartrosis estables en dos casos. Observamos anquilosis C2–C3 en todos los casos tras la resección parcial del disco. Un tercio de los pacientes con tornillos colocados a través del labio anterior de C2 no mostraron anquilosis C2–C3. Se observó una fuerte tendencia hacia la formación de anquilosis de la articulación lateral en pacientes con una dislocación lateral media de la masa de 11,9 mm. La mayoría de las puntuaciones SF-36 coincidieron o superaron los valores medianos normales correspondientes en la base de datos de referencia publicada.

Conclusiones

La OSF es un método de tratamiento confiable para fracturas odontoides de tipo II y tipo III rostral con desplazamiento del fragmento de 4 mm o menos. La OSF mínimamente invasiva a través del labio anteroinferior de C2, utilizando colocación de tornillo monocortical e instrumentos canulados, sin inmovilización rígida intraoperatoria de la cabeza, es suficiente para lograr resultados clínicos y de fusión favorables. Esta técnica reduce el riesgo de anquilosis en el segmento C2-C3. La OSF restaura la calidad de vida de los pacientes con fracturas odontoides a niveles comparables a los de la norma de la población general.

Palabras clave:
Fractura del dens
Fractura odontoidea
Fijación con tornillo odontoideo
Fusión C1-C2
Región cervical superior

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