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"en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Process of fixation of distal catheters by purse-string suture and fixation to butterfly needles with suture reinforcement at the entry point (A). Both distal catheters, introduced intravesically once fixed (B).</p>"
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"textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment of choice for hydrocephalus is the implantation of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for cerebrospinal fluid. The second most commonly used shunt system is a ventriculoatrial shunt, placing the distal catheter in the right atrium. Unfortunately, there are patients in whom, once these two therapeutic options have been exhausted due to their inefficiency or complications, alternative shunting to other places that allow admission of cerebrospinal fluid must be considered. Among these, the pleural cavity, the gallbladder, the urethra and the bladder have been described. Other vascular reservoirs have also been described, such as the femoral vein and the intracranial dural sinuses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Ventriculo-gallbladder shunting is described as a safe and resolutive option in the treatment of hydrocephalus in patients with complications derived from the use of the most commonly used shunts,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> as occurred in the case presented below.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a male patient, diagnosed from birth with a giant suprachiasmatic suprasellar cyst with associated hydrocephalus, who underwent surgery on countless occasions. The first intervention was an endoscopic fenestration of the cyst. Subsequently, after failure of the endoscopic fenestration, he required implantation of a ventriculo- and cystoperitoneal shunt (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient has two Hakim Codman® valves, both programmed at 80 mmH2O. Over the years, he suffered from numerous peritoneal complications, which require replacement of distal catheters. The presence of a discrete protein in the cerebrospinal fluid in the absence of other alterations should be noted, as well as negative cultures in the tests performed. Due to these complications, a distal catheter was implanted at the level of the atrium. This alternative was effective for six years, after which the patient presented thrombotic complications with symptoms of arrhythmias derived from both distal atrial catheters and the subsequent failure of the shunt. That is why, at the age of 19, the implantation of shunt systems in the gallbladder was proposed. The distal catheters were disconnected and replaced, positioning them at the cervical level, checking the patency of both, tunnelling them to the right laparotomy incision. In general surgery, the gallbladder was exposed, bile aspiration was performed by direct puncture, and both catheters were introduced at different points inside the gallbladder. A purse-string closure fixed them, together with splinting to the external wall with butterfly needles and new fixation stitches at the entrance of the catheter. Finally, biological sealant was applied to the sutures and catheters (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). After the procedure, the patient experienced clinical resolution without complications secondary to ventriculo-gallbladder shunting after two years and one month of follow-up. In the last CT during follow-up, there were no significant changes in the postoperative head CT (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B), with no data suggestive of hydrocephalus observed.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first-line treatment of non-resorptive hydrocephalus is the implantation of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, with alternative treatment being a ventriculoatrial shunt. A third option is a ventriculopleural shunt in the case of complications derived from the previous options, although it is not recommended in children under four years of age.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3</span></a> However, there is no unanimous opinion regarding the best therapeutic option in case of failure or impossibility of using a ventriculoperitoneal or ventriculoatrial shunt again. For this reason, numerous shunt options have been described in the literature,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4</span></a> such as the stomach, Fallopian tubes, renal calyces, urethra, bladder, femoral vein and dural sinuses.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 1959, the ventriculo-gallbladder shunt was first described by Smith et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> who showed that the gallbladder could be a suitable organ for draining cerebrospinal fluid in patients where the most common therapeutic options have failed. This procedure has also been described by numerous professionals as an effective and safe treatment in selected patients,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2,5–7</span></a> and has even been proposed as the first option for the treatment of hydrocephalus secondary to certain diseases in which the complication rate of ventriculoperitoneal shunting is extremely high, such as tuberculous meningitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and hydrocephalus secondary to chiasmatic-hypothalamic astrocytomas,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> in which the development of ascites is especially frequent after ventriculoperitoneal shunting. The use of the laparoscopic technique has been proposed as a minimally invasive procedure that reduces postoperative pain and the generation of scar tissue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some authors recommend performing an ultrasound study of the gallbladder and bile ducts before this procedure to rule out the presence of cholecystitis and gallstones,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> while others do not recommend routine ultrasonography, except in the case of a history of liver or biliary tract disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In any case, the administration of preoperative prophylactic antibiotics is recommended.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The gallbladder provides a series of advantages as a reservoir for diverting cerebrospinal fluid, among which are that it is a sterile organ, with sufficient capacity for reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes, allowing it to handle volumes of up to 1,500 ml daily, and that it is a non-essential organ for survival. In addition, the lytic action of bile is capable of destroying proteins present in the cerebrospinal fluid that affect its absorption and prevents the formation of adhesion tissue in the distal catheter.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The case treated in our centre is the first reported in the literature that describes the implantation of two catheters (ventriculo-gallbladder and cystobiliary) in a patient with hydrocephalus secondary to a giant suprasellar arachnoid cyst, both derived independently. The patient underwent numerous replacement surgeries at the peritoneal level, presenting peritoneal reabsorption, as well as multiple peritoneal adhesions, which caused the most commonly used first treatment option to fail. In addition, he underwent implantation of ventriculoatrial shunts, requiring replacement on one occasion due to atrial thrombosis with distal obstruction of the catheters, which were repositioned again in the peritoneum under general surgery due to multiple peritoneal adhesions. After presenting a new failure of peritoneal absorption with valvular dysfunction, placement of a ventriculo-gallbladder shunt system was indicated.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When considering this procedure, its contraindications must be taken into account, including the presence of previous cholecystectomy, cholelithiasis, and diseases with a propensity for the formation of gallstones (sickle cell anaemia, hereditary spherocytosis), cholecystitis, bile duct diseases and intra-abdominal infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a> However, the presence of biliary sludge in the absence of chronic inflammatory signs is not considered a contraindication for the implantation of a ventriculo-gallbladder shunt, and treatment of gallstones has even been proposed in patients with a ventriculo-gallbladder shunt by means of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with sphincterotomy and their extraction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> As complications of this procedure, infections have been described (25% early and 37.5% late in the West series of 25 patients treated with this procedure,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> as well as distal obstruction of the catheter, DIC, gallbladder atony, small bowel fistulas, subdural haematomas, biliary peritonitis due to fracture of the distal catheter, and the development of gallstones).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,6,14,15</span></a> In the case of developing gallbladder atony, the intravenous administration of cholecystokinin and the oral administration of magnesium sulphate have been successfully used, as well as avoiding opioid analgesic administration, since they can trigger spasms of the sphincter of Oddi.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only one case of death due to biliary meningitis has been described after implanting this type of shunt. This has been attributed to a retrograde flow of bile despite the implantation of a unidirectional valve.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> To avoid this complication, it is recommended to avoid distal valves with a slot mechanism, since this type of valve can open due to contraction of the gallbladder, allowing the reflux of bile into the ventricular system.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusions</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of a ventriculo-gallbladder shunt as an alternative treatment for complex cases of suitably selected patients with hydrocephalus, where first-choice options have been exhausted, is considered an effective and safe procedure. In the case presented, the two-valve shunt system (both ventricular and cystic) to the gallbladder has proven to be an effective and safe procedure. It also highlights that it is the first description in the literature of performing a double-valve implant system independent of a cerebrospinal fluid shunt (ventriculo-gallbladder and biliary cyst).</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Funding</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding has been obtained for the publication of this clinical case.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>"
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"resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ventriculo-gallbladder shunt is described as an effective alternative procedure in the treatment of hydrocephalus. We present the case of a 19-year-old patient diagnosed with suprasellar arachnoid cyst since his childhood and hydrocephalus, with a double shunt; ventriculo peritoneal and peritoneal cyst shunt. After several replacements due to peritoneal failure, he underwent ventriculoatrial shunt, with associated complications and subsequent repositioning to the peritoneum. After new valve dysfunction due to peritoneal complications, ventriculo-gallbladder shunt was proposed as an alternative treatment for this patient, which was safe and effective in resolving the patient's symptoms, and the patient was discharged, maintaining clinical stability in the follow-up more than 2 years later.</p></span>"
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"resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La derivación ventrículo biliar se describe como un procedimiento alternativo eficaz en el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 19 años de edad diagnosticado de quiste aracnoideo supraselar e hidrocefalia, portador de doble sistema valvular de derivación ventrículo peritoneal y cisto peritoneal desde la infancia. Tras varios recambios por fallo peritoneal, fue sometido a derivación ventriculoatrial, con complicaciones asociadas y posterior recolocación a peritoneo. Tras nueva disfunción valvular por complicaciones peritoneales, se planteó la derivación ventriculobiliar como tratamiento alternativo para este paciente, que resultó segura y eficaz en la resolución de la clínica del paciente, siendo dado de alta, manteniendo estabilidad clínica durante más de dos años de seguimiento.</p></span>"
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