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to be another cause of spontaneous fistulas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;6</span></a> Clinical presentation varies according to their origin&#44; and can be CSF otorrhoea in those that affect the tegmen tympani&#44; in addition to increasing the possibility of hearing loss&#44; or CSF rhinorrhoea in those that affect the cribriform plate&#46; Regardless of origin&#44; low-CSF-pressure headache is usually a constant and may be accompanied by dizziness or epileptic seizures and even pseudomeningoceles&#46; Meningitis is not common but neither is it unusual&#46; Warning signs are fever and signs of meningeal irritation such as neck stiffness or positive Kernig&#39;s and Brudzinski&#39;s signs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These symptoms are very different from the classic IIH symptoms&#46; IIH is considered a rare disease with an incidence of 1&#47;100&#44;000&#44; which mainly affects women&#44; generally of childbearing age&#44; and is associated with obesity&#44; headache&#44; and decreased visual acuity&#44; which in more severe cases can progress to blindness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a> The low incidence of spontaneous CSF fistulas and IIH and the clinical disparity between them led to reluctance to associate the two disorders&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; intracranial pressure &#40;ICP&#41; measurements after resolution of the fistula have shown an increase of more than 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O which&#44; in the region of the temporal bone&#44; in repaired otic fistulas&#44; can be as little as 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46; This corresponds to increased ICP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Obesity has also been associated with spontaneous fistulas&#44; to the point that weight loss has facilitated their closure&#44; while at the same time&#44; obesity is a characteristic of IIH&#44; meaning they have a point in common&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Common therapeutic techniques have also been used to close fistulas&#44; such as the administration of acetazolamide&#44; ventriculoperitoneal shunts and lumbar drainage&#46; Although these techniques can contribute to the closure of the fistulas&#44; the treatment of choice is surgical closure&#44; after which testing for IIH should begin&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Patients and method</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eight patients were treated&#44; five female and three male&#44; aged 46&#8211;72&#44; with a diagnosis of spontaneous CSF fistula&#46; The patients presented with discharge of clear fluid from the nose or the ear&#46; Three patients reported occasional&#44; well-tolerated&#44; non-intense headache which only exceptionally required analgesic treatment&#46; No other associated symptoms were reported&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sample of the discharge fluid was collected and tested for &#946;-trace protein levels&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A radiological study was performed using facial CT with 1-mm slices to assess the existence of bone dehiscence both in the anterior fossa for the cribriform plate&#44; and in the middle fossa for defects in the middle ear&#46; The study was completed with a brain MRI with T2-weighted sequences to determine whether or not there was CSF outflow&#44; and if so&#44; its origin&#44; and to detect the presence of pseudomeningocele&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients underwent surgery to repair the defect&#46; For the patients with nasal fistula&#44; an endoscopic approach was used and the defect was repaired through the interposition of synthetic dura mater and fibrin glue&#46; Closure was completed with a septoplasty flap&#46; Patients with middle ear fistula were treated with partial mastoidectomy and closure of the defect with a layer of synthetic dura mater&#44; haemostatic sealant&#44; fascia lata&#44; and filling of the surgically generated defect with fibrin glue&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subsequently&#44; the patients were tested for suspected IIH&#46; Anthropometric data including height&#44; weight and body mass index were determined and their symptoms were re-evaluated&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A month after surgery&#44; a brain MRI and MRI angiography of the venous sinuses were performed in order to detect radiological signs related to IIH&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In cases where the Friedman criteria for IIH were met<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> a lumbar puncture was performed in the L4-L5 interspace&#44; 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was normal in one patient&#46; One male and one female patient were overweight and three female and two male were obese&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The initial symptoms were mild headache in three cases and the rest were asymptomatic&#46; The origin of the discharge was nasal in four cases and otic in another four&#44; three from the left ear and one from the right&#46; All the patients were &#946;-trace-protein positive&#46; A brain MRI &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41; and a sinus CT confirmed the origin of the fistula&#46; After surgical treatment&#44; no recurrences were observed after one year of follow-up&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The IIH study demonstrated the onset of headache in all patients&#44; with three patients requiring analgesic treatment for intense pain&#46; The administration of acetazolamide improved their symptoms&#46; No other symptoms deriving from IIH were observed&#46; In five patients the MRI was nonspecific&#44; while in three it showed dilation of the optic nerve sheath&#44; and two of them also had empty sella turcica signs&#46; The MRI angiography study showed transverse sinus stenosis in all of the patients&#44; bilateral in five &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41; and in the other three&#44; one right and two left&#46; Determination of ICP showed pathological values between 20 and 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; with a mean of 21&#46;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three patients did not have a good response to acetazolamide&#46; Venous angiography showed elevated pre-stenosis pressure&#44; similar to their intracranial pressure with a post-stenosis gradient of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; After stent placement&#44; a new pre- and post-stent measurement was performed&#44; with a drop in pressure to normal values matching those previously found post-stent &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the risk of meningitis&#44; spontaneous CSF fistula should be considered a non life-threatening emergency&#44; requiring an adequate diagnosis in order to provide the most appropriate and most expeditious surgical treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the fistula production mechanism&#44; in accordance with the Monro-Kellie-Burrows Doctrine&#44; in phases of high intracranial pressure&#44; an increase of minimal amounts of volume causes a large increase in intracranial pressure and conversely&#44; a decrease of minimal amounts of volume causes a significant drop in pressure&#46; As the pressure exerts its effect on the bone&#44; it becomes eroded and excavated&#46; The dura mater then occupies the space with a minimal increase in volume&#44; but sufficient so that the CSF is able to maintain intracranial pressure at acceptable levels&#46; This prevents the onset of symptoms until the fistula occurs&#44; with CSF outflow being the first clinical manifestation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The surgical technique should be aimed not only at repairing the defect but also at providing the proper consistency to withstand the increase in pressure that arises after the repair&#44; in order to prevent recurrence&#46;</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Diagnosis of the fistula and its location</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Whenever possible&#44; the discharge should be collected for biochemical analysis&#44; which will determine the nature of the liquid&#44; for example CSF or other secretions&#44; whether nasal or from the ear&#46; On occasion&#44; the outflow of CSF in the lower pharynx or through the Eustachian tube makes it impossible to collect&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prostaglandin D<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> Synthase&#44; better known as &#946;-trace protein&#44; is currently measured&#46; This is a protein with enzymatic activity secreted by the choroid plexus and leptomeninges&#46; It has a high concentration in CSF surpassed by albumin&#44; with a clear difference with the blood concentration&#46; In CSF it is 11&#46;50&#8211;32&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;l and in serum 0&#46;12&#8211;1&#46;44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;l&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The existence of &#946;-2-transferrin&#44; which is the desialylated form of transferrin&#44; can also be determined&#46; Both have high sensitivity and specificity&#44; with the use of the &#946;-trace protein being preferred&#46; A blood sample should be collected at the same time&#44; in order to determine the ratio between the concentration in the discharge and in the blood&#44; which provides a more accurate diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The radiological diagnosis is determined by brain MRI in T2-weighted sequences and Fast Imaging Employing Steady-state Acquisition &#40;FIESTA&#41;&#46; Hyperintense images are seen in relation to the CSF which passes through the cribriform plate or showing occupation of the mastoid cells&#46; More than one origin should be sought&#44; such as pseudomeningoceles in other locations&#44; especially those of otic origin&#44; by examining the contralateral ear&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Brain CT with 1-mm slices centred on the petrous bone and including the cribriform plate is an additional technique which helps determine bone erosion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of intrasphenoidal meningoceles through Sternberg&#39;s canal has been described&#44; not without some controversy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In cases in which radiology cannot identify the location of the fistula&#44; the administration of intrathecal fluorescein&#44; followed by exploration of the cavities by endoscopy or otoscopy is helpful&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Surgical treatment of the CSF fistula</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment should be aimed at repairing the fistula&#44; preventing meningeal infection&#44; and should not be delayed longer than absolutely necessary&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Anterior fossa closure</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; the transnasal endoscopic approach is used&#59; it has lower associated morbidity rates as well as a better therapeutic response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> It is estimated that ethmoid fistulas account for 35&#37;&#44; sphenoid fistulas 32&#37;&#44; cribriform plate fistulas 23&#37; and frontal sinus fistulas 7&#37;&#44; so this technique allows wide sphenoid and ethmoid dissection&#44; accessing any leakage point&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a closure technique&#44; the placement of collagen patches&#44; covering the defect and placing them intracranially so that they rest on the bone&#44; is effective&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> It is advisable to use a pedicled nasal septal flap&#44; or the Hadad-Bassagasteguy technique&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Described in 2006&#44; this is a pedicled flap irrigated by the posterior septal artery&#44; a branch of the sphenopalatine artery&#44; which is laid into the area of the defect&#44; favouring a more biological closure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The percentage of fistulas closed using the endoscopic approach varies from 93&#37; to 97&#37; depending on the authors&#44; and cases of recurrence are usually due to incorrect identification of the leakage point&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#8211;28</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Otic fistula closures</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After a partial mastoidectomy up to the defect&#44; this can be repaired with synthetic collagen dura mater&#44; over which a synthetic haemostatic patch is placed to ensure closure&#46; This is followed by a biological layer of fascia lata or autologous muscle&#44; generally temporal muscle&#44; which enables a more biological healing and gives it consistency&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">IIH evaluation</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After the fistula repair&#44; testing for IIH should be started&#46; There are no data on when or how the intracranial pressure will reach equilibrium at its maximum pressure&#44; but except in cases of disabling symptoms such as loss of vision&#44; waiting a month is an adequate time period for the healing process to stabilise and enables an adequate assessment both of the pressure and of the symptoms&#44; which are thought to appear progressively&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">They usually begin with an oppressive headache affecting the entire head with a feeling of fogginess that makes it difficult to think&#59; if IIH is not suspected&#44; this symptom is often not given the importance it deserves&#46; It can also be accompanied by apathy and listlessness&#44; non-specific symptoms which&#44; associated with a normal outer appearance&#44; lead to poor social perception and they become stigmatised&#46; Progression of the symptoms most typically involves visual disturbances and memory loss&#46; The demographic data usually correspond mainly to women of childbearing age accompanied by obesity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the healing process has stabilised&#44; a neuroimaging study should be performed with brain MRI in T2-weighted and&#47;or FIESTA sequences&#44; to verify the closure of the fistula and look for nonspecific radiological data&#44; such as decreased ventricular size or diffuse thickening of the brain parenchyma&#44; or specific data&#44; such as optic nerve oedema or empty sella signs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> MRI angiography will reveal the presence of unilateral or bilateral sinus stenosis&#44; which are characteristics of this disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study is completed with an ophthalmology assessment&#44; including visual acuity&#44; visual filed testing&#44; fundus and intraocular pressure&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the Friedman diagnostic criteria are met&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> confirmation is provided by measuring intracranial pressure&#44; generally by lumbar puncture&#46; If negative&#44; follow-up should be continued in order to detect later IIH&#44; one option being continuous monitoring of ICP by means of intracranial recording&#44; making it possible to detect wave trains or specific elevations&#44; which is very useful for the diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> If positive&#44; the diagnosis of IIH is established&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Treatment</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medical treatment should be started using carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide&#44; which reduces the production of CSF from the choroid plexus&#46; If this controls the symptoms&#44; it may be enough&#46; Otherwise&#44; surgical or endovascular treatment should be considered&#46; The surgical technique of choice is a lumboperitoneal shunt using a programmable valve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> This technique lowers intracranial pressure&#44; facilitating better healing of the repaired fistula&#46; In cases where a transverse sinus stenosis is detected&#44; endovascular treatment by placing a stent in the stenosis has been used as an alternative to shunting&#44; with good results&#46; Through venous angiography venous pressure is measured pre- and post-stenosis&#44; and there needs to be a differential pressure gradient of at least 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; It is common for the pre-stenosis pressure to be equal &#40;&#43;&#47;&#8722;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41; to the intracranial pressure&#44; which contributes to the decision on the endovascular approach&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#8211;37</span></a> In more serious cases&#44; a combination of the different modes of treatment may be necessary&#46; In our series&#44; despite the fact that all patients had sinus stenosis&#44; treatment with acetazolamide obtained good results in five of them&#46; The remaining three&#44; who presented with bilateral stenosis&#44; were studied angiographically&#44; with compatible venous recordings for intravenous treatment&#46; After placing the stent in the right transverse sinus&#44; a decrease in venous pressure with values similar to a normal ICP was observed in all cases&#44; and the stenosis of the contralateral sinus also disappeared&#44; improving overall venous return&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conclusion</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Spontaneous CSF fistula is a pathology of low incidence&#44; like IIH&#46; The association between the two conditions is increasingly documented in the literature&#46; After fistula repair&#44; the study and monitoring of these patients should continue in order to determine possible IIH&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            1 => "Nasal surgical procedures"
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            3 => "Idiopathic intracranian hypertension"
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            1 => "Procedimiento quir&#250;rgico nasal"
            2 => "Procedimiento quir&#250;rgico &#243;tico"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid &#40;CSF&#41; fistula&#44; of unknown origin&#44; is a rare condition whose aetiology is increasingly related to idiopathic intracranial hypertension &#40;IIH&#41;&#46; This study tries to raise awareness that they should not be considered as two different processes&#44; but that fistulas can be a form of debut&#44; requiring a study and subsequent treatment&#46; Repair techniques are described&#44; as well as the study of HII&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We treated 8 patients&#44; 5 women and three men&#44; aged between 46 and 72 years&#44; with a diagnosis of spontaneous CSF fistula&#44; four nasal and four otics who underwent surgical treatment&#46; After repair&#44; a diagnostic study was performed for IIH by MRI and Angio-MRI&#44; presenting in all cases a transverse venous sinus stenosis&#46; The intracranial pressure values obtained by lumbar puncture showed values of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg or higher&#46; All patients were diagnosed with HII&#46; The one-year follow-up did not reveal any recurrence of the fistulas&#44; maintaining a control of the HII&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Despite their low frequency of both cranial CSF fistula and IIH&#44; an association of both conditions should be considered by continuing the study and surveillance of these patients after fistula closure&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La fistula espontanea de l&#237;quido cefalorraqu&#237;deo &#40;LCR&#41;&#44; de origen desconocido&#44; es una afecci&#243;n poco frecuente cuya etiolog&#237;a se relaciona cada vez m&#225;s con la hipertensi&#243;n intracraneal idiop&#225;tica &#40;HII&#41;&#46; Este estudio trata de concienciar que no deben considerase como dos procesos distintos&#44; sino que las fistulas pueden ser una forma de debut&#44; requiriendo un estudio y tratamiento posterior&#46; Se describen las t&#233;cnicas de reparaci&#243;n&#44; as&#237; como el estudio de la HII&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Resultados</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se trataron 8 pacientes&#44; 5 mujeres y tres hombres&#44; con edades comprendidas entre 46 y 72 a&#241;os&#44; con diagn&#243;stico de fistula espont&#225;nea de LCR&#44; cuatro nasales y cuatro &#243;ticas a los que se le someti&#243; a tratamiento quir&#250;rgico&#46; Tras la reparaci&#243;n se realiz&#243; un estudio diagn&#243;stico para la HII mediante RMN y Angio-RM&#44; presentando en todos los casos una estenosis de seno venoso transverso&#46; Los valores de presi&#243;n intracraneal obtenidos mediante punci&#243;n lumbar mostraron valores de 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg o superiores&#46; Todos los pacientes fueron diagnosticados de HII&#46; El seguimiento a un a&#241;o no revel&#243; ninguna recidiva de las fistulas&#44; manteniendo un control de la HII&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A pesar de su escasa frecuencia tanto de las fistula craneales de LCR como de la HII&#44; debe considerarse una asociaci&#243;n de ambas afecciones continuando el estudio y vigilancia de estos pacientes tras el cierre de la f&#237;stula&#46;</p></span>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">BMI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fistula&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IIH symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MRI post-surgery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sinus stenosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ICP mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Headache&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Non-specific&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACTZ&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Left ear&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Headache&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Optic nerve sheath dilation empty sella turcica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bilateral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACTZ&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Stent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Left ear&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Headache&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Non-specific&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bilateral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACTZ S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Stent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Headache&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Non-specific&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Left&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACTZ&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Headache&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Non-specific&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bilateral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACTZ&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Headache&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Optic nerve sheath dilation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bilateral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACTZ&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Stent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Right ear&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Headache&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Non-specific&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Left&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACTZ&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Left ear&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Headache&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Optic nerve sheath dilation empty sella turcica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bilateral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACTZ&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Location of the fistula and IIH clinical data&#46;</p>"
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        0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "B&#46;O&#46; Ratilal"
                            1 => "J&#46; Costa"
                            2 => "L&#46; Pappamikail"
                            3 => "C&#46; Sampaio"
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                      "titulo" => "Surgical outcomes and postoperative management in spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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                            0 => "Z&#46;Y&#46; Jiang"
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                            2 => "C&#46; Perez"
                            3 => "S&#46; Barnett"
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                            5 => "B&#46;A&#46; Tajudeen"
                          ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Neurol Surg B"
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                        "volumen" => "79"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "199"
                      ]
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                      "titulo" => "Elevated intracranial pressures in spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks"
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                            0 => "R&#46;J&#46; Schlosser"
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                            2 => "M&#46;S&#46; Grady"
                            3 => "W&#46;E&#46; Bolger"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Rhinol"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "191"
                        "paginaFinal" => "195"
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                      "titulo" => "Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks&#58; a variant of benign intracranial hypertension"
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                            0 => "R&#46;J&#46; Schlosser"
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                            0 => "M&#46;A&#46; P&#233;rez"
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                            2 => "B&#46;B&#46; Bruce"
                            3 => "N&#46;J&#46; Newman"
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                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "467"
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Vol. 35. Issue 2.
Pages 57-63 (March - April 2024)
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Vol. 35. Issue 2.
Pages 57-63 (March - April 2024)
Clinical Research
Spontaneous CSF fistula as a manifestation of idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Fistula espontánea de LCR como manifestación de la hipertensión intracraneal idiopática
Samsara López Hernándezc, Carlos Alberto Rodríguez Ariasa,b,
Corresponding author
carroda@orange.es

Corresponding author.
, Jaime Santos Pérezb,d, Mario Martínez-Galdámeze, Adrián Fernández Garcíaa, Herbert Daniel Jiménez Zapataa,b
a Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
b Unidad de Base de Cráneo, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
c Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital de Medina del Campo, Medina del Campo, Valladolid, Spain
d Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
e Unidad de Neurorradiología Intervencionista, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Table 1. Location of the fistula and IIH clinical data.
Abstract
Introduction

Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula, of unknown origin, is a rare condition whose aetiology is increasingly related to idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). This study tries to raise awareness that they should not be considered as two different processes, but that fistulas can be a form of debut, requiring a study and subsequent treatment. Repair techniques are described, as well as the study of HII.

Results

We treated 8 patients, 5 women and three men, aged between 46 and 72 years, with a diagnosis of spontaneous CSF fistula, four nasal and four otics who underwent surgical treatment. After repair, a diagnostic study was performed for IIH by MRI and Angio-MRI, presenting in all cases a transverse venous sinus stenosis. The intracranial pressure values obtained by lumbar puncture showed values of 20mm Hg or higher. All patients were diagnosed with HII. The one-year follow-up did not reveal any recurrence of the fistulas, maintaining a control of the HII.

Conclusion

Despite their low frequency of both cranial CSF fistula and IIH, an association of both conditions should be considered by continuing the study and surveillance of these patients after fistula closure.

Keywords:
Rhinoliquorrhea
Nasal surgical procedures
Otic surgical procedures
Idiopathic intracranian hypertension
Resumen
Introducción

La fistula espontanea de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), de origen desconocido, es una afección poco frecuente cuya etiología se relaciona cada vez más con la hipertensión intracraneal idiopática (HII). Este estudio trata de concienciar que no deben considerase como dos procesos distintos, sino que las fistulas pueden ser una forma de debut, requiriendo un estudio y tratamiento posterior. Se describen las técnicas de reparación, así como el estudio de la HII.

Resultados

Se trataron 8 pacientes, 5 mujeres y tres hombres, con edades comprendidas entre 46 y 72 años, con diagnóstico de fistula espontánea de LCR, cuatro nasales y cuatro óticas a los que se le sometió a tratamiento quirúrgico. Tras la reparación se realizó un estudio diagnóstico para la HII mediante RMN y Angio-RM, presentando en todos los casos una estenosis de seno venoso transverso. Los valores de presión intracraneal obtenidos mediante punción lumbar mostraron valores de 20mm Hg o superiores. Todos los pacientes fueron diagnosticados de HII. El seguimiento a un año no reveló ninguna recidiva de las fistulas, manteniendo un control de la HII.

Conclusión

A pesar de su escasa frecuencia tanto de las fistula craneales de LCR como de la HII, debe considerarse una asociación de ambas afecciones continuando el estudio y vigilancia de estos pacientes tras el cierre de la fístula.

Palabras clave:
Rinolicuorrea
Procedimiento quirúrgico nasal
Procedimiento quirúrgico ótico
Fistula
Hipertensión intracraneal idiopática

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