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All patients underwent a CT scan&#44; revealing fractures in five of the six patients&#46; MRI could only be performed in three of the six patients&#44; due primarily to cervical hyperkyphosis&#44; which makes this diagnostic test more technically difficult to perform &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The CT scan revealed fractures located at C6&#8211;C7 in four patients&#44; C3&#8211;C4 in one patient&#44; and in the final patient no fracture was found&#44; only a posterior epidural haematoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Of the five patients&#44; four presented subluxation fractures &#40;two due to flexion mechanisms and two due to extension&#41;&#44; clinically accompanied by cervical myelopathy with an ASIA scale score of <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>&#46; One patient experienced the onset of complete tetraplegia immediately after the fall due to the luxation fracture &#40;flexion mechanism&#41; with an ASIA scale score of A&#44; and a sixth patient with tetraparesis presented a posterior cervical epidural haematoma with an ASIA scale score of C as a consequence of falling backwards&#46; All patients were operated on&#46; In two patients&#44; a posterior approach was used with laminectomy at the site of the injury followed by an anterior approach using arthrodesis with a hip graft and stabilising plate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; In these patients&#44; halo traction and a neck brace were applied for the posture change during the surgery&#46; In two other patients the approach was exclusively anterior&#44; using an iliac crest graft and plate&#46; In the fourth patient &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; the double approach was used&#44; first with a posterior approach with decompression and an iliac crest graft plus halo traction to correct the luxation&#46; This patient was discharged at two weeks with no neurological foci&#44; with the second phase of the surgery planned for three months later&#44; but the patient died of pneumonia after two months in the town where he lived&#46; The sixth patient who presented the epidural haematoma&#44; with no fractures on the initial CT and an ASIA scale score of C&#44; was operated on in the emergency department using a posterior approach with multiple hemilaminectomies and did not require fixation devices&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The neurological outcomes for the five patients with incomplete spinal cord injuries &#40;ASIA scale score of C&#41; improved after surgery&#46; The patient who initially presented paraplegia with an ASIA scale score of A&#44; on whom an anterior approach was used for cervical stabilisation&#44; did not present any neurological improvement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Patient follow-up varied between one and six years&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Discussion</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of AS in recent articles is between 0&#46;1&#37; and 0&#46;3&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The majority of AS cases occur in males&#44; with an incidence of 65&#8211;80&#37; depending on the series&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> Most neurological deficits in this disease are secondary to initially unnoticed vertebral fractures that are often preceded by chance traumas of little significance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;11&#8211;14</span></a> In our patients&#44; all of the spinal cord injuries were preceded by low-energy traumas&#44; with the exception of the single patient who fell from a height while working and presented tetraplegia from the outset&#46; In patients of this type with AS and spinal trauma&#44; it is therefore necessary to perform a radiological study of the full neural axis and not only the symptomatic area&#44; as double fractures may be found&#44; although in many cases they go unnoticed due to the location of cervical fractures at the cervicothoracic junction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Low cervical locations at the cervicothoracic junction are the most common&#44; followed by fractures located at the thoracolumbar junction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In four of our six patients&#44; the fractures went unnoticed in simple radiological studies and were diagnosed by CT or MRI owing to the neurological manifestations they presented&#46; MRI studies with contrast medium and fat suppression have been found to be highly useful in the assessment of the dural and epidural space&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;16</span></a> The most common mechanism of injury in AS is hyperextension-distraction&#44; which causes transdiscal fractures&#44; while the flexion mechanism often causes fractures through the vertebral body&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;17&#8211;19</span></a> similar to those seen in thoracolumbar fractures caused by hyperflexion while wearing a seatbelt&#46; In our cases &#40;six patients&#41;&#44; two were due to extension and four due to flexion mechanisms&#46; Epidural haematomas associated with fractures in AS can be found in up to 30&#37; of cases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> but are uncommon if not associated with fracture&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In our series&#44; one patient presented an epidural haematoma with no fracture found on the CT&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment of fractures of this type is controversial&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;20&#44;21</span></a> The current literature promotes both conservative and surgical means&#46; Conservative management includes periods of prolonged bed-rest&#44; and cervical fractures may require treatments with traction &#40;or a neck brace&#41; and early mobilisation with a halo brace if the fracture remains stable&#46; However&#44; exclusive immobilisation is difficult and frequently inadequate&#44; due to the intrinsic instability of these fractures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;21</span></a> Surgical treatment is generally reserved for the management of patients with neurological deficits and luxation or involvement of all three columns&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;22&#44;23</span></a> Diverse surgical approaches are used&#44; including anterior and posterior&#44; only anterior&#44; or only posterior fixation&#46; In our patients&#44; an anterior approach was used in two cases with fractures caused by flexion&#44; and in four cases a posterior approach was used&#44; two of which were also associated with an anterior approach&#46; For the intervention&#44; certain aspects must be taken into account&#44; such as the initial difficulty of intubation and transfer to the operating table due to rigidity&#44; together with potential respiratory decompensation with cardiological and haemodynamic repercussions&#44; due to which patients with this condition could be considered high risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;23&#44;24</span></a> Respiratory complications are the most common complication in the acute postoperative phase&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;4&#44;25</span></a> At two months&#44; one of our patients presented and died from the complication of pneumonia&#46; Consistent with the literature&#44; in our series we also recommend the posterior approach or double &#40;posterior and anterior&#41; approach&#44; especially in fractures caused by hyperflexion&#44; which in some cases are associated with significant posterior compression&#46; In the study by An et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> involving a series of nine patients with AS and cervical fractures&#44; a posterior approach was used in two cases&#44; one of these being a double approach including anterior access&#46; In five patients&#44; arthrodesis was performed using an anterior approach&#44; and in two patients&#44; anterior and posterior arthrodesis was used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Some authors recommend long arthrodeses extending over several segments above and below the lesion in cervical fractures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;19</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cervical injuries in the context of AS are associated with increased mortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> due to respiratory complications and to sequelae derived from chronic anti-inflammatory treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to prevention&#44; it is essential that patients and their families receive adequate information on the need to avoid falls and traumas&#46; To minimise falls&#44; it is important to limit alcohol consumption and use of sedatives&#44; as well as activities that are not conducted in a controlled manner&#46; In the event of a suspected cervical injury&#44; it is recommended that the patient&#39;s head be kept in a neutral position using a pillow during any movement &#40;transfer from the site of the accident&#44; performing diagnostic imaging tests&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a> In recent years&#44; the management of AS has undergone marked changes&#44; with better control of symptoms and potentially in the clinical course of the disease&#46; Early physiotherapy should be recommended to avoid premature stiffness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;26</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conclusion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; cervical fractures in ankylosing spondylitis occur primarily at the cervicothoracic junction&#46; Surgery for such patients is very complex as a result of the cervical curvature caused by their ankylosis&#46; Moreover&#44; the postoperative risk caused by poor ventilation is an aggravating factor with regard to patients&#8217; outcomes and prognosis&#46; Prevention and early diagnosis is essential in order to facilitate the most appropriate treatment in each case and avoid serious neurological injury&#46; We are of the view that the surgical approach must be personalised for each patient&#44; based on the type of fracture and associated complications&#44; with a double posterior and anterior approach being an option for stabilisation of the fracture&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
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          "identificador" => "xres1023905"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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              "titulo" => "Objetivo"
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              "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0035"
              "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-11-17"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-11-05"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec981956"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Ankylosing spondylitis"
            1 => "Spinal stabilisation"
            2 => "Cervical spine fracture"
            3 => "Neurologic complication"
          ]
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      ]
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          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec981957"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Espondilitis anquilosante"
            1 => "Estabilizaci&#243;n espinal"
            2 => "Fractura de la columna cervical"
            3 => "Complicaci&#243;n neurol&#243;gica"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory rheumatic disease mainly affecting the axial skeleton&#46; The rigid spine may secondarily develop osteoporosis&#44; further increasing the risk of spinal fracture&#46; In this study&#44; we reviewed fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis that had been clinically diagnosed to better define the mechanism of injury&#44; associated neurological deficit&#44; predisposing factors&#44; and management strategies&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Between January 2004 and December 2014&#44; 6 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and neurological complications after injuries were treated&#46; Neuroimaging evaluation was obtained in all patients by using plain radiography&#44; CT scan&#44; and MR imaging&#46; The ASIA Impairment Scale was used in order to evaluate the neurologic status of the patients&#46; Surgical decision was based on relationship of neurological involvement and spinal instability&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 6 cervical injuries were identified in a review of patients in whom ankylosing spondylitis had been diagnosed&#46; Of these&#44; 2 patients were associated with a hyperextension mechanism and 4 cases by flexion mechanism&#46; Posttraumatic neurological deficits were demonstrated in all 6 cases and neurological improvement after surgery was observed in 4 of these cases&#46; The two cases were not improved by the surgery was on a case by presenting a degree of Asia A and another patient who initially improved with surgery but died of pneumonia in the postoperative&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with ankylosing spondylitis are highly susceptible to spinal fracture and spinal cord injury even after only mild trauma&#46; Initial CT or MR imaging of the whole spine is recommended even if the patient&#39;s symptoms are mild&#46; The patient should also have early surgical stabilisation to correct spinal deformity and avoid worsening of the patient&#39;s neurological status&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La espondilitis anquilosante es una enfermedad reum&#225;tica inflamatoria que afecta principalmente al esqueleto axial&#46; La columna vertebral r&#237;gida puede secundariamente desarrollar osteoporosis&#44; lo que aumenta a&#250;n m&#225;s el riesgo de fractura vertebral&#46; En este estudio&#44; hemos revisado las fracturas en pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante que hab&#237;an sido diagnosticados cl&#237;nicamente para definir mejor el mecanismo de la lesi&#243;n&#44; d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico asociado y las estrategias de tratamiento&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Entre enero del 2004 y diciembre del 2014&#44; 6 pacientes fueron revisados con espondilitis anquilosante y con complicaciones neurol&#243;gicas despu&#233;s de ca&#237;das&#46; El estudio de neuroimagen se obtuvo en todos los pacientes mediante el uso de la radiograf&#237;a simple&#44; TC y RM&#46; La discapacidad se valor&#243; seg&#250;n la escala de ASIA&#44; se utiliz&#243; con el fin de evaluar el estado neurol&#243;gico de los pacientes&#46; La decisi&#243;n quir&#250;rgica se bas&#243; en relaci&#243;n con la afectaci&#243;n neurol&#243;gica y la inestabilidad espinal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se identificaron un total de 6 lesiones cervicales en pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante&#58; 2 presentaron fracturas por mecanismos de extensi&#243;n y 4 por mecanismos de flexi&#243;n&#46; Todos los casos fueron intervenidos quir&#250;rgicamente&#46; Los 6 pacientes presentaron d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico postraum&#225;tico y en 4 de ellos se observ&#243; mejor&#237;a neurol&#243;gica tras la cirug&#237;a&#46; Dos casos no mejoraron tras la cirug&#237;a&#46; Uno de ellos present&#243; un grado de ASIA A y el otro paciente&#44; que mejor&#243; inicialmente con la cirug&#237;a&#44; falleci&#243; por neumon&#237;a en el postoperatorio dos meses despu&#233;s&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante son altamente susceptibles a la fractura vertebral y lesiones de la m&#233;dula espinal&#44; incluso despu&#233;s de traumatismos leves&#46; Se recomienda la TC inicial o la RM de toda la columna vertebral&#44; incluso si los s&#237;ntomas del paciente son leves&#46; El paciente tambi&#233;n debe tener la estabilizaci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica temprana para corregir la deformidad espinal y evitar el empeoramiento del estado neurol&#243;gico del paciente&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">The author&#44; Alberto Isla Guerrero&#44; declare the agreement of all the co-authors of this article with the same&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Isla Guerrero A&#44; Mansilla Fern&#225;ndez B&#44; Hern&#225;ndez Garcia B&#44; G&#243;mez de la Riva &#193;&#44; Gand&#237;a Gonz&#225;lez ML&#44; Isla Paredes E&#46; Resultados quir&#250;rgicos de fracturas cervicales traum&#225;ticas en pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante&#46; Neurocirug&#237;a&#46; 2018&#59;29&#58;116&#8211;121&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; &#40;Case 4&#41;&#46; Simple lateral projection radiology study with characteristics of ankylosing spondylitis in a 53-year-old patient with paraparesis and history of a fall&#44; where the fracture is not visible&#46; &#40;B&#8211;D&#41; Sagittal CT and T1 and T2 MRI showing evidence of subluxation and spinal cord compression at C6&#8211;C7&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;Case 3&#41;&#46; &#40;A and B&#41; Sagittal CT study showing evidence of fracture and luxation at C6&#8211;C7 in a 65-year-old patient presenting paraparesis following a simple fall&#46; &#40;C&#41; CT image with reconstruction after the first surgical procedure using a posterior approach&#44; showing laminectomies and a graft on the lateral masses&#46; &#40;D and E&#41; Show the second surgical procedure when a plate was implanted with an iliac crest graft&#59; the reduction of the luxation can be seen in the radiological control&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case no&#46;&#176;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diagnostic tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fracture level&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mechanism involved&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Surgical treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Preoperative ASIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Postoperative ASIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">M</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X-ray&#44; CT&#44; MRI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C6&#8211;C7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Flexion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Posterior<br>Anterior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C<br>Paraparesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">E&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">M</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X-ray&#44; CT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C6&#8211;C7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Extension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Anterior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C<br>Paraparesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">E&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">M</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X-ray&#44; CT&#44; MRI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C6&#8211;C7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Flexion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Posterior<br>Anterior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C<br>Paraparesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">E&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">M</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X-ray&#44; CT&#44; MRI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C6&#8211;C7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Flexion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Posterior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C<br>Paraparesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">E<br>Died two months later due to pneumonia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">M</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X-ray&#44; CT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C4&#8211;C5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Extension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Anterior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">A<br>Tetraplegia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">M</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X-ray&#44; CT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No fracture&#46;<br>Cervical epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Flexion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Posterior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">C<br>Tetraparesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">E&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Series of patients with ankylosing spondylitis&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
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Vol. 29. Issue 3.
Pages 116-121 (May - June 2018)
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Vol. 29. Issue 3.
Pages 116-121 (May - June 2018)
Review article
Surgical outcomes of traumatic cervical fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
Resultados quirúrgicos de fracturas cervicales traumáticas en pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante
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Alberto Isla Guerreroa,1,
Corresponding author
eislapa@mixmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Beatriz Mansilla Fernándeza, Borja Hernández Garciaa, Álvaro Gómez de la Rivaa, María Luisa Gandía Gonzáleza, Elena Isla Paredesb
a Sección de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
b Licenciado en Medicina, Clinica CEMTRO, Madrid, Spain
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Table 1. Series of patients with ankylosing spondylitis.
Abstract
Objective

Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory rheumatic disease mainly affecting the axial skeleton. The rigid spine may secondarily develop osteoporosis, further increasing the risk of spinal fracture. In this study, we reviewed fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis that had been clinically diagnosed to better define the mechanism of injury, associated neurological deficit, predisposing factors, and management strategies.

Methods

Between January 2004 and December 2014, 6 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and neurological complications after injuries were treated. Neuroimaging evaluation was obtained in all patients by using plain radiography, CT scan, and MR imaging. The ASIA Impairment Scale was used in order to evaluate the neurologic status of the patients. Surgical decision was based on relationship of neurological involvement and spinal instability.

Results

A total of 6 cervical injuries were identified in a review of patients in whom ankylosing spondylitis had been diagnosed. Of these, 2 patients were associated with a hyperextension mechanism and 4 cases by flexion mechanism. Posttraumatic neurological deficits were demonstrated in all 6 cases and neurological improvement after surgery was observed in 4 of these cases. The two cases were not improved by the surgery was on a case by presenting a degree of Asia A and another patient who initially improved with surgery but died of pneumonia in the postoperative.

Conclusions

Patients with ankylosing spondylitis are highly susceptible to spinal fracture and spinal cord injury even after only mild trauma. Initial CT or MR imaging of the whole spine is recommended even if the patient's symptoms are mild. The patient should also have early surgical stabilisation to correct spinal deformity and avoid worsening of the patient's neurological status.

Keywords:
Ankylosing spondylitis
Spinal stabilisation
Cervical spine fracture
Neurologic complication
Resumen
Objetivo

La espondilitis anquilosante es una enfermedad reumática inflamatoria que afecta principalmente al esqueleto axial. La columna vertebral rígida puede secundariamente desarrollar osteoporosis, lo que aumenta aún más el riesgo de fractura vertebral. En este estudio, hemos revisado las fracturas en pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante que habían sido diagnosticados clínicamente para definir mejor el mecanismo de la lesión, déficit neurológico asociado y las estrategias de tratamiento.

Métodos

Entre enero del 2004 y diciembre del 2014, 6 pacientes fueron revisados con espondilitis anquilosante y con complicaciones neurológicas después de caídas. El estudio de neuroimagen se obtuvo en todos los pacientes mediante el uso de la radiografía simple, TC y RM. La discapacidad se valoró según la escala de ASIA, se utilizó con el fin de evaluar el estado neurológico de los pacientes. La decisión quirúrgica se basó en relación con la afectación neurológica y la inestabilidad espinal.

Resultados

Se identificaron un total de 6 lesiones cervicales en pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante: 2 presentaron fracturas por mecanismos de extensión y 4 por mecanismos de flexión. Todos los casos fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente. Los 6 pacientes presentaron déficit neurológico postraumático y en 4 de ellos se observó mejoría neurológica tras la cirugía. Dos casos no mejoraron tras la cirugía. Uno de ellos presentó un grado de ASIA A y el otro paciente, que mejoró inicialmente con la cirugía, falleció por neumonía en el postoperatorio dos meses después.

Conclusiones

Los pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante son altamente susceptibles a la fractura vertebral y lesiones de la médula espinal, incluso después de traumatismos leves. Se recomienda la TC inicial o la RM de toda la columna vertebral, incluso si los síntomas del paciente son leves. El paciente también debe tener la estabilización quirúrgica temprana para corregir la deformidad espinal y evitar el empeoramiento del estado neurológico del paciente.

Palabras clave:
Espondilitis anquilosante
Estabilización espinal
Fractura de la columna cervical
Complicación neurológica

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¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?