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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cerebral edema is a frequent and serious complication in traumatic brain injury &#40;TBI&#41; patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Edema classically has been classified as cytotoxic and vasogenic&#46; Cytotoxic edema occurs when there is an energy failure&#44; loss of ion gradients and shift of water from the extracellular to intracellular space&#46; The vasogenic edema&#44; on the other hand&#44; occurs when there is an increase in the permeability of capillaries and there is a passage of water from the intravascular to the interstitial space&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; is used to measure the diffusion of water in tissues and can distinguish both types of edema&#58; cytotoxic and vasogenic edema&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Cytotoxic edema is associated with cellular swelling&#44; a decrease in extracellular fluid and a decrease in the apparent diffusion coefficient &#40;ADC&#41;&#59; it appears as bright lesions in diffusion-weighted imaging &#40;DWI&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> On the other hand vasogenic edema is associated with increased extracellular fluid and a corresponding increase in ADC&#44; with a reduction in signal on DWI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diffusion tensor imaging &#40;DTI&#41; is a specific diffusion weighted imaging technique that has been extensively used in research&#44; especially in mild TBI patients&#44; due to its ability to detect white matter changes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Sensitivity of conventional imaging modalities like computed tomography and MRI are limited to detect macroscopic changes within the brain&#46; Meanwhile&#44; DTI can quantify the diffusion characteristics within the microscopic nerve fiber bundles and is thought to represent the structural integrity of axons&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a> The parameters measured through DTI include ADC and the fractional anisotropy &#40;FA&#41;&#46; The ADC provides a measure of the rate of diffusion of water molecules&#44; which is usually averaged over all directions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;12</span></a> On the other hand&#44; the fractional anisotropy is a normalized measurement that can describe the degree of directionality of diffusion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> A FA value of zero represents that the diffusion is uniform in all directions&#44; whereas values approaching to one indicate that the diffusion is exclusively along a single axis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;12</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective of this observational study was to assess the vasogenic edema in the traumatic pericontusional tissue and compare it to the vasogenic edema found in brain tumors and metastasis&#46; Using DTI we have quantified the ADC and the fractional anisotropy &#40;FA&#41; in the vasogenic edema of the traumatic pericontusional tissue and in the vasogenic edema of patients with high grade gliomas and brain metastasis&#46; We have also included a control group of patients with normal MRI&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ethical approval was obtained from the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comit&#233; de &#201;tica de la Investigaci&#243;n de las Islas Baleares</span> &#40;IRB reference number CEIC-IB 3189&#47;16&#41;&#44; and written informed consent from the patient or from the next of kin where appropriate&#44; were obtained in all cases in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Subjects</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TBI patients&#58; Patients with traumatic brain injury were recruited from the neurosurgical ward and the neurosurgical intensive care unit &#40;NeuroICU&#41; of the Son Espases University Hospital &#40;Palma de Mallorca&#44; Spain&#41; between February 2016 and February 2019&#46; Inclusion criteria included patients with brain contusions and pericontusional edema visualized in conventional computed tomography &#40;CT&#41;&#46; Patients were excluded from this study if they had suffered a previous TBI&#44; other neurological disease&#44; or had any contraindication to MRI imaging&#46; Patients requiring a craniotomy as part of their treatment were not included either&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines recommend against the use of high dose methylprednisolone to improve outcomes in TBI patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Nevertheless based on the experience with patients with brain tumors&#44; dexamethasone is administered to patients undergoing different neurosurgical procedures&#46; In this study dexamethasone was administered to TBI patients that present a brain contusion and edema on the CT&#44; in an effort to treat the vasogenic component of the pericontusional edema&#46; The administration of dexamethasone was decided by the attending neurosurgeon based on each case symptoms and CT findings&#46; The dexamethasone dose in this specific group of TBI patients was as follows&#58; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg q 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h for 2 days&#59; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg q 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h for 2 days&#59; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg q 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h for 2 days&#59; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg q 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h for 2 days and 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg q 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h for 2 days&#46; This dosing with gradual weaning is basically used in neuro-oncology and is considered to provide the best balance in terms of clinical efficacy and risks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The dose and duration are similar to other studies in the field&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Brain tumor patients&#58; Eighteen patients with high grade gliomas or with brain metastasis were also included&#46; At the time of imaging&#44; none of the patients with high grade glioma or brain metastasis had any prior radiotherapy&#44; chemotherapy or cranial surgery&#46; All the patients included in this study were treated with steroids at the time of imaging&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Healthy subjects&#58; Fifteen control patients were selected during the same period as the study&#46; All the healthy volunteers had no history of neurological disease&#46; These control patients were evaluated with the same imaging sequences as the TBI and brain tumor group&#46; Measurements of normal gray matter were done at the right and left insula&#46; Measurements of normal white matter were done at the right and left semioval center&#46; The results of the control group represent the mean value of both sides&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Imaging</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All subjects were scanned using a 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Teslas&#44; Sigma HDxt&#59; software version HD23 &#40;General Electric Medical System&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41; within the Son Espases University Hospital &#40;Palma de Mallorca&#44; Spain&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To ensure that the slice locations used correspond as closely as possible in all the patients&#44; the subject&#39;s head position and tilt was recorded&#46; At least one of the slices was taken through a prominent anatomical landmark&#44; mainly the anterior-posterior comisure line&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study period there were no major changes or upgrades to the scanner or software&#46; The sequences obtained were structural sequences including&#58; &#40;1&#41; 1&#8211;3 planes localizer&#59; &#40;2&#41; Sagital CUBE FLAIR&#58; a 3D isotropic GE sequence of the whole brain with a Field of View &#40;FOV&#41; 25&#8217;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; a slice thickness 1&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and matrix of 320<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>192&#46; 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&#40;5&#41; Axial T2 FRFSE&#58; 2D fast spin echo sequence of pure axial slices from skull to Foramen magnum with a FOV 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; TR3500ms&#44; TE100ms&#44; a slice thickness 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and matrix of 512<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>512 Total time sequence 2&#58;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#59; &#40;6&#41; Axial T2&#42; MERGE&#58; a 2D GE gradient echo sequence of pure axial slices from skull to Foramen magnum with a FOV 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; TR670ms&#44; TE6ms&#44; a slice thickness 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and matrix of 352<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>256 Total time sequence 2&#58;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#59; &#40;7&#41; Axial T1 SE&#58; 2D spin echo sequence of pure axial slices from skull to Foramen magnum with a FOV 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; TR580ms&#44; TE minimum full&#44; slice thickness 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and matrix of 320<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>224&#46; Total time sequence 3&#58;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#59; &#40;8&#41; Axial DTI&#58; a 2D Diffusion Tensor Imaging of 25 diffusion directions based on an Echo Planar Imaging sequence of pure axial slices from skull to Foramen magnum with a FOV 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; 1 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span>-values ranging of 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s mm-2&#44; TR8000ms&#44; TE minimum&#44; a slice thickness 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and matrix of 128<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>128&#46; Total time sequence 3&#58;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Lesion based analysis</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lesions were defined in axial FLAIR by a single neuroradiologist &#40;AM&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Then&#44; the lesions were divided into core contusion and pericontusional edema using FLAIR and gradient echo&#46; Because most of the patients presented more than one contusion&#44; only the biggest one was analyzed&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because FLAIR imaging does not distinguish between cytotoxic and vasogenic edema&#44; DWI and ADC maps were used&#46; Hyper-intense areas in DWI with decrease ADC represent cytotoxic edema&#44; and isointense areas in DWI with increased ADC represent vasogenic edema&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Imaging processing</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ADC and FA maps were created using the following post-processing software &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#58; Advantage Window VolumeShare of General Electric Medical System&#44; Software version 4&#59; Functool 9&#46;4 &#40;General Electric Medical System&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gradient echo maps were used to assess whether areas of apparently low ADC were secondary to true restricted diffusion&#44; or because of signal drop out from blood products&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Region of interest analysis</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To quantify the ADC and the FA&#44; regions of interest &#40;ROI&#41; were manually drawn in the areas of the vasogenic edema of the traumatic pericontusional tissue and in the vasogenic edema area of the patients with high grade gliomas and brain metastasis&#46; Because these patients usually present with large brain lesions with great anatomic distortion in conventional imaging techniques&#44; a standard ROI of 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> was used in all cases to determine the parameters of water diffusion&#46; For each patient&#44; the ROI was placed in all the slices were edema was visualized&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To simplify statistical analysis&#44; we used only the largest contusion or metastasis for analysis in each patient&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the healthy subjects&#44; a ROI of 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> was also draw in the insula to reflect normal gray matter&#44; and in the semioval center for the white matter&#46; The measurements were made in both sides &#40;right and left&#41; and the mean values of both ADC and FA are presented&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mean ADC and mean FA was calculated for each ROI using the General Electric post-processing software described previously&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Volume analysis</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The volume of the contusion was measured in all the patients in the CT performed 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after the injury&#46; The volume of the lesion &#40;including only the hemorrhagic portion&#41; was calculated using the ABC&#47;2 methodology&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The three dimensional volume was calculated using a proprietary formula provided by Medtronic Navigation &#40;StealthViz 1&#46;3&#46;0&#46;34&#41;&#46; This program uses the images from the sagital cube-FLAIR sequence&#46; The formula calculates the three dimensional volume by evaluating dimension and number of voxels in the volume and then using a scalating factor in each dimension to then determine the three dimensional volume&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic&#44; clinical and radiological characteristics of the patients were described using mean and standard deviation&#44; median and interquartile range&#44; or proportions with 95&#37; confidence interval&#44; as appropriate&#46; To obtain the ADC and FA values in each patient&#44; we calculated the mean of the values of all the slices where edema was visualized&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because only one neuroradiologist made the measurements&#44; in an effort to control the observer bias and to assess the robustness of the measurements&#44; measures of the gray and white matter from the left and right sides were done in the control group&#44; and were compared numerical and graphically by Bland&#8211;Altman plot&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To measure the relationship between numerical variables&#44; Spearman coefficient was calculated and a scatterplot was created&#46; Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span>-test was used for unpaired tests&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Values<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 were accepted as significant&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS &#40;SPSS 18&#46;0&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Results</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eighteen adult patients &#40;14 males and 4 females&#41; with traumatic brain injury were recruited&#46; Ten patients were admitted to the NeuroICU and eight were in the neurosurgical ward&#46; Three of the TBI patients were not used in the analysis because of excess movement artifact&#44; leaving 15 TBI patients for the analysis&#46; Patients presented with a median &#40;range&#41; age of 58 &#40;32&#8211;75&#41; years&#44; postresuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale of 14 &#40;9&#8211;15&#41; and an Injury Severity Score of 18 &#40;16&#8211;29&#41;&#46; The DTI-MRI was perfomed between day 9 and day 17 after injury&#46; The demographic details of TBI patients are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirteen patients with high grade gliomas and 5 with brain metastasis were also included &#40;10 males and 8 females&#41;&#44; mean &#40;range&#41; age was 56 &#40;75&#8211;35&#41; years and the DTI-MRI was performed 9 days after the dexamethasone was started with a range of 5&#8211;15 days&#46; Fifteen control patients &#40;9 males&#44; 6 females&#59; mean age 52 years&#59; range 74&#8211;22 years&#41; were selected during the same period as the study &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">TBI patients vs&#46; tumor patients vs&#46; healthy controls</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The values of the vasogenic edema volumes and the values of the ADC and FA are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As shown&#44; patients with brain tumors had larger volumes of vasogenic edema compared to TBI patients&#46; In regard to the DTI parameters &#40;ADC and FA&#41; there were no differences between TBI and tumor patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;27 for FA&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;79 for ADC&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a> shows that in both pathologies &#40;brain tumors and TBI&#41; the DWI sequences were isointense and ADC maps were hyperintense&#44; representive of vasogenic edema&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compared to healthy controls&#44; TBI and tumor patients presented higher ADC values and lower FA values&#46; The differences between TBI and controls were statistically significant &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using the Bland&#8211;Altman plot&#44; we compared the values of ADC and FA in the right and the left side measured in both the insula and in the semioval center of the control group and the differences between both sides&#44; measured by the same neuroradiologist&#44; did not exceed 10&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because the patients with brain tumors had larger volume of vasogenic edema we looked for differences in the ADC and FA values based on the volume&#46; We did not find any correlation between neither the volume of the edema and the FA &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;11&#41; nor the ADC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;10&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study we used DTI-MRI to examine the characteristics of the pericontusional vasogenic edema in a selected group of patients with TBI and patients with brain tumors&#46; We found no significant differences of the ADC and FA values in these two groups of patients&#46; Nevertheless&#44; healthy controls showed significant lower ADC values and higher FA values compared to TBI and tumor patients&#46; Our results are in agreement with previous studies in TBI patients where at acute stages&#44; decreased FA and increased ADC have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> However&#44; two studies found decreased ADC values possibly explained by axonal swelling secondary to water movement into axonal space during acute time periods&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a></p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DTI has been an important imaging tool to study mild TBI because it can reveal diffuse axonal injury &#40;DAI&#41;&#46; Several articles have shown the utility of DTI in examining microstructural abnormalities in TBI patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> These studies have described different abnormalities in white matter integrity post-TBI and have correlated these alterations with the functional outcome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;22</span></a> A comprehensive review of its technical aspects and usefulness in TBI patients has been recently published&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The novelty of our study is that we have focused on the utility of DTI-MRI in patients with brain contusions and pericontusional edema&#46; DTI-MRI is an MRI technique that measures white matter integrity and this is where the pericontusional edema is fundamentally located&#46; The sensitivity of conventional imaging techniques are limited to detect only macroscopic brain changes&#44; while DTI has the capacity to quantify the diffusion characteristics within microscopic nerve fibers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> FA measures the degree of uniformity in the direction of the diffusion&#44; with values ranging from 0 to 1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> A FA of 0 indicates that there is a complete lack of uniformity in the direction of the movement of water molecules in fibers within a given voxel&#44; and 1 indicates that diffusion occurs in only one direction &#40;parallel to the axon&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> On the other hand&#44; ADC measures the rate of diffusion of water molecules&#44; which is usually averaged over all directions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> Whereas high FA and low ADC values indicate that the cortical white matter tracts are intact and myelinated&#44; low FA and high ADC values indicate that a nerve fiber is injured or poorly developed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;12</span></a> In our study both group of patients &#40;TBI and brain tumor patients&#41;&#44; despite different pathophysiology for brain edema formation&#44; presented similar FA and ADC values in the area of vasogenic edema&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous investigations have described the beneficial effect of the dexamethasone on the ADC values in patients with brain tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> For this reason we only included TBI patients who also received steroids&#44; in an effort to make both groups &#40;TBI and brain tumor patients&#41; comparable&#46; Nevertheless&#44; because we performed the DTI-MRI studies once the TBI patients finished the treatment with dexamethasone&#44; we have only been able to study the last phase of the vasogenic edema&#46; It has been shown that the permeability of the BBB reaches a maximum in the first hours after TBI and then subsequently declines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; a second phase can occur&#44; with a peak between 3&#8211;7 days after the injury&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a></p><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Patophysiology of the blood brain barrier breakdown&#44; vasogenic edema and treatment implications in TBI patients</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous studies in patients with brain contusions have shown the presence of both types of edema&#58; vasogenic and cytotoxic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6&#44;28</span></a> The area of vasogenic edema in the pericontusional area is thought to be because of either a transient breakdown in the blood-brain barrier and&#47;or the presence of hydrostatic and oncotic pressure gradients between the hematoma and surrounding tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;29</span></a></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The edema surrounding brain tumors is believed to be primarily vasogenic&#44; due to breakdown of the BBB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Studies of peritumoral tissue using electron microscopy have shown swelling of astrocytes&#44; axons and myelin sheaths&#44; tissue necrosis and enlargement of the extracellular space in the white matter&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Therefore&#44; and despite being different diseases&#44; TBI and brain tumor patients share similar MRI findings in the perilesional region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; This could be important because it is well known the beneficial response after steroids administration in patients with brain tumors&#44; edema and mass effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> This beneficial effect has not been described in TBI patients&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To know the type of predominant edema to guide the treatment in a given patient could be applied to corticosteroids&#58; steroids are indicated for vasogenic edema &#40;like in tumors&#41; but not for cytotoxic edema&#46; This line of approach certainly could have potential in the future treatment of patients with pericontusional edema&#44; where the two types of edema occur&#46; Based on the results of the CRASH trial&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> corticosteroids are currently contraindicated in the general population of TBI patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> It must be said that in this selected group of TBI patients&#44; with brain contusions and surrounding edema in conventional imaging techniques&#44; there is a clear component of vasogenic edema as we could address with the MRI&#46; Then&#44; in this subgroup of patients may be worthy to re-evaluate the role of the steroids as dexamethasone&#46; Clearly future clinical trials should be done to assess this indication&#46; In this study the short course&#44; low dose of dexamethasone did not produce any severe adverse event to the patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Limitations of the study</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are several important limitations to this study&#46; First&#44; the results of our study should be interpreted with caution because of the small sample sized&#46; In second place&#44; due to the difficulty that exists in daily clinical practice to perform MRIs in this type of patients&#44; it was not possible to design a protocol to perform the MRI in both groups the same day&#46; In third place&#44; there is a selection bias because the group of TBI patients included in our study represents a convenience sample of participants in which an MRI could be obtained&#46; Our results must be confirmed by a study where participants are selected for MRI scanning based on pre-determined criteria&#44; rather than a convenience sample&#46; Also&#44; our results should be also confirmed in severe TBI because we did not include this type of patients&#46; This is because to perform DTI-MRI studies in acute severe TBI patients is very challenging and most of the times they cannot be done because the patients are unstable&#46; Nevertheless because the cerebral edema is most devastating in this type of patients future studies should also address this issue&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In fourth place&#44; because previous investigations have described the beneficial effect of the dexamethasone on the ADC values in patients with brain tumors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> it is possible that the use of dexamethasone would have influenced the differences on the MRI parameters being detected among TBI and controls&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; the most common form of DTI analysis used is the ROI analysis that has the advantage of being relatively easy to implement and does not require spatial normalization&#44; especially in patients with focal lesions in conventional imaging techniques&#44; as the ones included in our study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;12</span></a> Furthermore there is intra-rater and inter-rater variability with manual ROI placement&#46; In our study this variability was tried to be reduced with a proper region selection by a trained neuroradiologist&#46; In an effort to control this bias&#44; in each patient we selected all the slices where edema was visualized&#46; To obtain a validation of our measurements&#44; the neuroradiologist was blinded between the gray and white matter measurements of the right side and the measurements of the contralateral side in the control group&#46; Then we analyzed the differences between both sides&#44; and the differences did not exceed 10&#37;&#46; Nevertheless it must be pointed that inter-rater or intra-rater reliability scores have not been calculated in our study&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conclusions</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this prospective&#44; observational study using DTI-MRI in a selected group of mild and moderate TBI patients with vasogenic pericontusional edema we have shown that there were no significant differences of the ADC and FA values compared to brain tumor patients&#46; Furthermore&#44; healthy controls showed significant lower ADC values and higher FA values compared to TBI and tumor patients&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Future studies should address whether any therapy&#44; specifically dexamethasone&#44; could have a favorable impact on the vasogenic edema of TBI patients with brain contusions and if it affects the outcome of this subgroup of patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Funding</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors received no specific funding for this work&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Results"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "TBI patients vs&#46; tumor patients vs&#46; healthy controls"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Patophysiology of the blood brain barrier breakdown&#44; vasogenic edema and treatment implications in TBI patients"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Limitations of the study"
            ]
          ]
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        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0080"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
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        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack543274"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        ]
        12 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-03-12"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-05-27"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1395227"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Traumatic brain injury"
            1 => "Brain contusion"
            2 => "Pericontusional edema"
            3 => "Vasogenic edema"
            4 => "Diffusion tensor imaging"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1395226"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Traumatismo craneoencef&#225;lico"
            1 => "Contusiones cerebrales"
            2 => "Edema pericontusional"
            3 => "Edema vasog&#233;nico"
            4 => "Resonancia de tensor de difusi&#243;n"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cerebral edema is a frequent and serious complication of traumatic brain injury &#40;TBI&#41;&#46; Diffusion tensor imaging &#40;DTI&#41; is considered a useful technique to assess white matter integrity after TBI&#46; The objective of this prospective&#44; observational study was to assess the characteristics of the vasogenic edema in the traumatic pericontusional tissue and compare it to the vasogenic edema found in brain tumors&#46; We also included a control group&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Using DTI&#44; the Apparent diffusion coefficient &#40;ADC&#41; and Fractional anisotropy &#40;FA&#41; were measured in the area of vasogenic edema in both TBI and tumor patients&#46; The measurements in the control group were done in the gray and white matter&#46; We included 15 TBI patients&#44; 18 tumor patients and 15 controls&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ADC and FA showed no differences between TBI and tumor patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;27 for AF&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;79 for ADC&#41;&#46; Compared to healthy controls&#44; TBI and tumor patients presented higher ADC values and lower FA values&#46; The differences between TBI and controls were statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this prospective observational study using DTI-MRI in a selected group of mild and moderate TBI patients with vasogenic pericontusional edema we have shown that there were no significant differences of the ADC and FA values compared to brain tumor patients&#46; Furthermore&#44; healthy controls showed significant lower ADC values and higher FA values compared to TBI and tumor patients&#46; Future studies&#44; using DTI-MRI&#44; should address whether any therapy has a favorable impact on the vasogenic edema of TBI patients with brain contusions&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background and objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes y objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El edema cerebral es una complicaci&#243;n grave y frecuente en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencef&#225;lico &#40;TCE&#41;&#46; La resonancia de tensor de difusi&#243;n &#40;DTI-RM&#41; es considerada como una t&#233;cnica de imagen muy &#250;til para valorar la integridad de la sustancia blanca tras un TCE&#46; El objetivo de este estudio prospectivo y observacional es valorar las caracter&#237;sticas del edema vasog&#233;nico pericontusional de pacientes traum&#225;ticos y comparar dichas zonas con el edema vasog&#233;nico de pacientes con tumores cerebrales&#46; Tambi&#233;n se ha incluido un grupo control&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se ha empleado la DTI-RM para cuantificar el coeficiente de difusi&#243;n aparente &#40;ADC&#41; y la anisotrop&#237;a fraccional &#40;AF&#41; en las zonas de edema vasog&#233;nico en pacientes con contusiones cerebrales traum&#225;ticas y tumores cerebrales&#46; Las mediciones del grupo control se hicieron tanto en la sustancia gris como en la sustancia blanca&#46; Se incluyeron 15 pacientes con TCE&#44; 18 pacientes con tumores cerebrales y 15 controles&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los valores del ADC y de la AF fueron similares en los pacientes con TCE y tumores cerebrales &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;27 para los valores de AF&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;79 para los valores de ADC&#41;&#46; Respecto a los controles&#44; tanto los pacientes con TCE como con tumores cerebrales presentaron valores m&#225;s elevados del ADC y valores m&#225;s bajos de la AF&#46; Las diferencias en estas variables entre los pacientes con TCE y los controles fueron estad&#237;sticamente significativas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio observacional y prospectivo&#44; utilizando DTI-RM en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes con TCE leve y moderado con edema vasog&#233;nico pericontusional&#44; no hubo diferencias significativas en los valores del ADC y de la AF en comparaci&#243;n con los pacientes con tumores cerebrales&#46; Sin embargo&#44; los controles sanos tuvieron valores del ADC m&#225;s bajos y valores de la AF m&#225;s altos en comparaci&#243;n con los pacientes con TCE y tumores cerebrales&#46; Futuros estudios podr&#237;an abordar&#44; utilizando DTI-RM&#44; si alg&#250;n tratamiento tiene un impacto favorable en el edema vasog&#233;nico de pacientes con TCE y contusiones cerebrales&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivo"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Traumatic brain injury contusion and pericontusional edema&#46; &#40;A&#41; Computed tomography showing bifrontal contusion with pericontusional edema&#46; In this case the right frontal contusion was analyzed&#46; &#40;B&#41; Axial diffusion map that shows an isointense signal in the pericontusional area&#46; &#40;C&#41; Apparent diffusion coefficient map with an increased signal on ADC maps&#46; &#40;D&#41; Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery &#40;FLAIR&#41; showing bifrontal pericontusional edema&#46; &#40;E&#41; Apparent diffusion coefficient map obtained with Functool 9&#46;4 program&#46; The ROI can be visualized &#40;white arrow&#41; and it is placed in the pericontusional vasogenic edema&#46; &#40;F&#41; Fractional anisotropy map obtained with Functool 9&#46;4 program&#46; The ROI can be visualized &#40;white arrow&#41; and it is placed in the pericontusional vasogenic edema&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Apparent diffusion coefficient by region of interest&#46; &#40;B&#41; Fractional anisotropy by region of interest&#46; The central lines in the boxes denote the median values&#44; the upper and lower edges the 75th and 25th percentiles&#44; the error bars the 90th and 10th percentiles&#46; TBI&#58; traumatic brain injury patients&#59; WM&#58; white matter in the control group&#59; GM&#58; gray matter in the control group&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#8211;C&#41; show FLAIR&#44; diffusion and ADC sequences in a patient with a left temporal contusion&#46; &#40;D&#8211;F&#41; Show FLAIR&#44; diffusion and ADC sequences in a patient with a right frontal high grade glioma&#46; As it is shown&#44; in the perilesional areas diffusion sequences in both pathologies are isointense and there is also an increase in the ADC maps&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TBI&#58; traumatic brain injury&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GCS&#58;</span> Glasgow Come Scale&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">RTC&#58;</span> road traffic collision&#59; tSAH&#58; traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage&#59; SDH&#58; subdural hematoma&#59; IVH&#58; intraventricular hemorrhage&#59; EDH&#58; epidural hematoma&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mechanism of injury&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">GCS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Motor GCS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Contusion volume &#40;mL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Intracranial pathology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bitemporal contusions&#59; tSAH&#59; right SDH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bifrontal contusions&#59; rSDH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Assault&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Left fronto-temporal contusion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bitemporal contusions&#59; left frontal contusion&#59; left SDH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Left frontal EDH&#59; Right fronto-temporal contusion&#59; tSAH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RCT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Right SDH&#59; bifrontal contusion&#59; Right temporal contusion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Left SDH&#59; left fronto-temporal contusions&#59;tSAH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Right SDH&#59; tSAH&#59; Bifrontal contusions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bilateral SDH&#59; tSAH&#59; bilateral fronto-temporal contusions&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">tSHA&#59; IVH&#59; bitemporal contusions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Right SDH&#59; tSAH&#59; right temporal contusion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RCT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Left fronto-parietal contusion&#59; IVH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bitemporal contusions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Assault&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Right SDH&#59; tSAH&#59; Right fronto-temporal contusions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Left frontal contusion&#59; tSAH&#59; bilateral SDH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2648185.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical data of TBI patients&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TBI&#58; Traumatic brain injury&#59; ICU&#58; intensive care unit&#59; GOSe&#58; extended Glasgow outcome scales&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TBI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tumor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age&#44; years</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58 &#40;32&#8211;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;75&#8211;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52 &#40;74&#8211;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;80&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;56&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;60&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;20&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;44&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;40&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Time from injury to scan&#44; days</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median&#44; range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;4 &#40;9&#46;0&#8211;17&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Days in ICU</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median&#44; range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;0&#8211;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Days in hospital</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median&#44; range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;6&#8211;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GOSe</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median&#44; range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;1&#8211;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">TBI<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gray&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Volume &#40;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&#46;7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ADC&#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;9</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;6<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a> &#40;1&#46;5&#8211;1&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;6 &#40;1&#46;4&#8211;1&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;95 &#40;0&#46;92&#8211;1&#46;01&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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Vol. 32. Núm. 4.
Páginas 161-169 (julio - agosto 2021)
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Vol. 32. Núm. 4.
Páginas 161-169 (julio - agosto 2021)
Clinical Research
Use of diffusion tensor imaging to assess the vasogenic edema in traumatic pericontusional tissue
Uso de la resonancia de tensor de difusión para estudiar el edema vasogénico pericontusional
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Mónica Laraa, Apolonia Mollb, Antonio Masb, María José Picadob, Carmen Gassentb, Jaume Pomarc, Juan Antonio Llompart-Poud, Marta Brella, Javier Ibáñeza, Jon Pérez-Bárcenad,
Autor para correspondencia
juan.perez@ssib.es

Corresponding author.
a Neurosurgical Department, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
b Radiology Department, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
c Neuropsychology and Cognition Research Group, Research Institute on Health IDISBA & IUNICS-UIB, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
d Intensive Care Department, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Table 1. Clinical data of TBI patients.
Table 2. Patients and controls demographic characteristics.
Table 3. Volume of the vasogenic edema and DTI values in the three groups.
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Abstract
Background and objective

Cerebral edema is a frequent and serious complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is considered a useful technique to assess white matter integrity after TBI. The objective of this prospective, observational study was to assess the characteristics of the vasogenic edema in the traumatic pericontusional tissue and compare it to the vasogenic edema found in brain tumors. We also included a control group.

Methods

Using DTI, the Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and Fractional anisotropy (FA) were measured in the area of vasogenic edema in both TBI and tumor patients. The measurements in the control group were done in the gray and white matter. We included 15 TBI patients, 18 tumor patients and 15 controls.

Results

ADC and FA showed no differences between TBI and tumor patients (p=0.27 for AF; p=0.79 for ADC). Compared to healthy controls, TBI and tumor patients presented higher ADC values and lower FA values. The differences between TBI and controls were statistically significant (p<0.05).

Conclusions

In this prospective observational study using DTI-MRI in a selected group of mild and moderate TBI patients with vasogenic pericontusional edema we have shown that there were no significant differences of the ADC and FA values compared to brain tumor patients. Furthermore, healthy controls showed significant lower ADC values and higher FA values compared to TBI and tumor patients. Future studies, using DTI-MRI, should address whether any therapy has a favorable impact on the vasogenic edema of TBI patients with brain contusions.

Keywords:
Traumatic brain injury
Brain contusion
Pericontusional edema
Vasogenic edema
Diffusion tensor imaging
Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivo

El edema cerebral es una complicación grave y frecuente en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE). La resonancia de tensor de difusión (DTI-RM) es considerada como una técnica de imagen muy útil para valorar la integridad de la sustancia blanca tras un TCE. El objetivo de este estudio prospectivo y observacional es valorar las características del edema vasogénico pericontusional de pacientes traumáticos y comparar dichas zonas con el edema vasogénico de pacientes con tumores cerebrales. También se ha incluido un grupo control.

Pacientes y métodos

Se ha empleado la DTI-RM para cuantificar el coeficiente de difusión aparente (ADC) y la anisotropía fraccional (AF) en las zonas de edema vasogénico en pacientes con contusiones cerebrales traumáticas y tumores cerebrales. Las mediciones del grupo control se hicieron tanto en la sustancia gris como en la sustancia blanca. Se incluyeron 15 pacientes con TCE, 18 pacientes con tumores cerebrales y 15 controles.

Resultados

Los valores del ADC y de la AF fueron similares en los pacientes con TCE y tumores cerebrales (p=0.27 para los valores de AF; p=0,79 para los valores de ADC). Respecto a los controles, tanto los pacientes con TCE como con tumores cerebrales presentaron valores más elevados del ADC y valores más bajos de la AF. Las diferencias en estas variables entre los pacientes con TCE y los controles fueron estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05).

Conclusiones

En este estudio observacional y prospectivo, utilizando DTI-RM en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes con TCE leve y moderado con edema vasogénico pericontusional, no hubo diferencias significativas en los valores del ADC y de la AF en comparación con los pacientes con tumores cerebrales. Sin embargo, los controles sanos tuvieron valores del ADC más bajos y valores de la AF más altos en comparación con los pacientes con TCE y tumores cerebrales. Futuros estudios podrían abordar, utilizando DTI-RM, si algún tratamiento tiene un impacto favorable en el edema vasogénico de pacientes con TCE y contusiones cerebrales.

Palabras clave:
Traumatismo craneoencefálico
Contusiones cerebrales
Edema pericontusional
Edema vasogénico
Resonancia de tensor de difusión

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