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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The assignment of authorship of biomedical scientific articles is a controversial issue&#46; The number of authors&#44; their individual contribution to the content of the work and the order in which they appear in the list of authors of the manuscript have implications on a person&#39;s CV and can affect the scientific credibility of the work&#46; Although the concept of authorship is not perfectly defined&#44; there are a series of criteria or requirements accepted by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors&#44; according to which an &#34;author&#34; is considered to be any person who has <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">contributed intellectually and in a significant way</span> to the production of a scientific work&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; sometimes a certain perversion of this concept is found&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> in the form of what are called <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guest</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">honorary</span> authors&#44; prestigious authors who are added to the list to increase the chances of the manuscript being published&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ghost authors</span>&#44; who write the work but do not appear among the authors&#44; generally because they present serious conflicts of interest&#59; authors <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">by coercion</span>&#44; who force the main author to include them&#44; applying a criterion of hierarchical authority&#59; or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mutual support</span> authors&#44; when there is a tacit agreement to return authorship favours for previous works&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This corruption in the assignment of authorship deteriorates the foundations of the scientific method in medicine and calls into question its integrity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> The contribution of the authors in the composition of manuscripts has strong implications for a person&#39;s CV&#44; especially in the framework of research&#44; with the main and almost only product of the work being scientific publication&#44; apart from industrial patent&#46; The total number of articles published&#44; the order of authorship and the impact factor &#40;IF&#41; associated with the journal &#40;or its quartile&#41; are some of the criteria that are most taken into account when evaluating a scientific career both in the academic field and in the workplace&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are no works that define exactly what we can consider a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">balanced CV</span> in terms of authorship&#46; A marked predominance of shared authorship is the norm throughout the scientific world in general&#44; since the vast majority of studies are carried out by working groups and not by individuals&#44; and only some letters&#44; editorials&#44; reviews and original articles are signed exclusively by a sole author&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The ideal proportion between the number of articles in which one appears as the first or second signatory and the total number of articles published is neither defined nor well known in real terms&#46; On the other hand&#44; the impact factor is a dynamic value that varies over the years&#44; and all authors of a manuscript&#44; regardless of the author order in which they are listed or whether they are subsequently cited or not&#44; benefit from the same assigned IF to the journal&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this paper&#44; we compiled the number of publications indexed in PubMed by Spanish neurosurgeons belonging to two autonomous communities &#40;Madrid&#59; and Castile and Le&#243;n&#41; and quantified in what proportion they appear as first or second author &#40;what we call <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">personal authorship quotient</span> &#91;PAQ&#93;&#41;&#44; in a successive position &#40;3rd to 15th&#41; or as collaborator of a large and&#47;or multicentre work group &#40;&#62;15 authors&#41;&#46; Likewise&#44; we calculated what percentage of the total IF of all publications of an author is attributed to the works in which they are listed as the first or second author&#44; which we call the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">personal impact quotient</span> &#40;PIQ&#41;&#46; We propose that these quotients be used as estimation measures of the real and significant contribution of an author to his&#47;her own bibliographic production&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study is a cross-sectional&#44; descriptive analytical study with a regional scope&#46; To illustrate the amount of bibliographic production and the order of authorship&#44; a sample of neurosurgeons was chosen consisting of those physicians assigned to neurosurgery services in two Spanish autonomous communities&#58; one with a high population and density of neurosurgeons &#40;the Community of Madrid&#44; with some 30 neurosurgeons per million inhabitants&#41; and another with a lower population and density &#40;the Community of Castile and Le&#243;n&#44; with about 20 neurosurgeons per million inhabitants&#41;&#44; representing the global population of Spanish neurosurgeons&#46; Since the study was conducted through a free access database in which clinical data of patients were not used and authors were not identified individually&#44; approval by the hospital&#39;s Ethics Committee was not required&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Author search strategy</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PubMed</span> database of the National Library of Medicine of the US National Institute of Health &#40;NIH&#41;&#44; freely accessible on its website &#40;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">https&#58;&#47;&#47;pubmed&#46;ncbi&#46;nlm&#46;nih&#46;gov</a>&#41;&#44; was used&#46; The searches were carried out throughout the month of March 2022 by the two authors&#46; The company Elsevier&#44; an editorial platform that publishes the journal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neurocirug&#237;a</span> &#91;Neurosurgery&#93;&#44; provided a list of all the Spanish authors who had published at least one article in said journal&#46; Starting from this list&#44; more authors were identified from each of the neurosurgery services of the two autonomous communities&#46; The final list was compared with the number of neurosurgeons that appear on the different websites of the services and hospitals of the autonomous communities&#46; Those neurosurgeons with preferably private activity for whom an affiliation with a public or private hospital could be identified were also included&#46; Internal medicine residents of the specialty with published works were also included&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Collection of data and variables</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using the PubMed database&#44; the name of each author by which the article is indexed was identified &#40;in general&#44; the two surnames joined by a hyphen followed by the initial of the name&#41; and the total number of articles was counted&#46; Next&#44; it was verified that all the articles belonged to the author with the same or another affiliation&#44; but belonging to a department of neurosurgery or neurosciences of the two communities&#46; This step was very important in those authors with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">common</span> surnames &#40;for example&#44; P&#233;rez J&#41; in which the first search returned hundreds of articles&#44; many of which were by other indexed authors with the same name&#46; Single and multiple authorship papers were distinguished&#46; The position of the author in each article was recorded&#58; first&#44; second&#44; third to fifteenth&#44; last&#44; or belonging to a large or multidisciplinary group &#40;of more than 15 authors&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the total IF of each author was calculated&#44; adding the impact factors of each article&#44; according to the latest data provided by the Journal Citation Report &#40;JCR&#41; corresponding to the year 2020 on its website&#44; via restricted access through the University de Burgos using the personal passwords of the author &#40;PDL&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Definition of personal authorship quotient &#40;PAQ&#41; and personal impact quotient &#40;PIQ&#41;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Each author&#39;s PAQ was calculated by dividing the number of articles signed as first or second author by the total number of published articles&#46; The PIQ was calculated by dividing the sum of the IF of the articles in which the author appears as the first or second signatory by the sum of the IF of all his&#47;her publications&#46; Those articles published in journals indexed in PubMed but without IF assigned by the JCR were eliminated from both the numerator and the denominator of this quotient&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Data analysis</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the data referring to the bibliographical production of each author are freely accessible on the Internet&#46; However&#44; they were analysed and are presented in this work anonymously&#46; Only data aggregated by the autonomous communities is shown&#46; Data are presented as overall counts&#44; percentages&#44; means&#44; medians&#44; standard deviations&#44; ranges and interquartile ranges&#46; For the analysis and tabulation of data&#44; the Microsoft Excel program was used&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">purely neurosurgical</span> journal was defined as one whose title contained the word <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">neurosurgery</span> or words derived from it in its version in English or any other language&#44; as well as the word <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">spine</span> and its possible combinations&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Publications of Spanish neurosurgeons</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 183 authors were identified &#40;137 from the Community of Madrid and 46 from the Community of Castile and Le&#243;n&#41; belonging to 18 neurosurgery services of the two autonomous communities&#44; including 13 authors with exclusive or preferably private activity&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the geographical distribution of authorship and IF in both communities&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a> show the main results of the study&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In total&#44; 3&#44;592 publications available in PubMed were registered throughout the month of March 2022&#46; Articles were published in a total of 412 journals on different topics&#44; of which only 41 &#40;9&#46;9&#37;&#41; were purely neurosurgical journals &#40;eight of them without an assigned IF&#41;&#46; A total of 64 journals &#40;15&#46;5&#37;&#41; did not have an IF assigned by the JCR&#46; The average number of publications per neurosurgeon was 20 &#40;standard deviation&#44; 31&#41; and the median was 9 &#40;range 1&#8722;223&#44; interquartile range 19&#41;&#46; In Madrid&#44; the average and median number of publications per neurosurgeon were 22 and 10&#44; respectively&#44; while in Castile and Le&#243;n they were 13 and 6&#46; In total&#44; 93&#46;5&#37; of neurosurgeons in Castile and Le&#243;n have published at least one paper in the journal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neurocirug&#237;a</span> &#91;Neurosurgery&#93; &#40;official publication of the Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Neurocirug&#237;a &#91;SENEC&#93;&#41; &#91;Spanish Society of Neurosurgery&#93;&#46; This percentage was 87&#46;6&#37; for the neurosurgeons from Madrid&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Number of articles with single versus multiple authorship</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only 17 authors &#40;9&#46;3&#37;&#41; published works as sole authors&#46; Of these&#44; 13 published a single article&#44; two published two articles and another two published three articles&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Order of signatories of the articles</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The average for authorship in first or second place was seven articles &#40;four in first place and three in second&#41; per neurosurgeon&#46; Authors were listed in 3rd to 15th place an average of nine times &#40;median 4&#41; and in last place on average for two articles&#46; Roughly two articles per neurosurgeon were signed as part of a working group of more than 15 authors&#46; The ratio between works signed as 3rd&#8211;15th versus 1st&#8211;2nd was on average 1&#46;5 &#40;with a standard deviation of 2&#46;66 and a range of 0&#8211;21&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean personal authorship quotient &#40;PAQ&#8239;&#61;&#8239;N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#43; N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span>&#41; was 0&#46;367 &#40;standard deviation 0&#46;287&#44; median 0&#46;364&#44; interquartile range 0&#46;500&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Impact factor assigned to articles &#40;according to the JCR for 2020&#41;</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The total IF assigned to the 3&#44;592 articles was 10&#44;861 &#40;mean 3&#44;024&#41;&#46; On average&#44; each author had a total IF of 59 &#40;standard deviation 118&#44; median 18&#44; interquartile range 69&#41;&#46; As first or second author&#44; a mean IF of 17 &#40;median 5&#41; was obtained&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean personal impact quotient &#40;PIQ&#8239;&#61;&#8239;IF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#43; IF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;IF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span>&#41; was 0&#46;317 &#40;standard deviation 0&#46;302&#44; median 0&#46;251&#44; interquartile range 0&#46;500&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A and 2B show the PAQ and the PIQ for the complete sample and for those authors with more than 50 and more than 20 published articles&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a> shows the distribution of the PIQ with respect to the PAQ&#44; and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a> shows the distribution of authorship in 3rd&#8211;15th place with respect to 1st&#8211;2nd place for each author&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Publications in neurosurgical journals and in the journal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neurocirug&#237;a</span></span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neurosurgeons published an average of 10 articles in purely neurosurgical journals &#40;median 5&#41;&#46; Only nine authors did not have any work published in neurosurgical journals&#46; On the other hand&#44; 159 authors &#40;86&#46;9&#37;&#41; have at least one paper in the journal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neurocirug&#237;a</span>&#44; with an average of four articles published in that journal&#46; The mean percentage of publication in neurosurgical journals was 57&#46;7&#37; &#40;median 53&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean percentage of publication in the journal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neurocirug&#237;a</span> was 31&#46;4&#37; &#40;median 22&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Discussion</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study shows for the first time an estimation of the bibliographic activity of Spanish neurosurgeons through a sample of 183 authors from two Spanish autonomous communities&#46; It has been found that there is great variability between neurosurgeons in terms of the number of articles published&#46; The data shows that about half of the articles are published in purely neurosurgical journals &#40;although these only accounted for 10&#37; of the journals in which they were published&#41;&#44; and that the vast majority &#40;85&#46;5&#37;&#41; of the papers were published in journals with IF assigned by the JCR&#46; Around 22&#37; of all publications were in the journal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neurocirug&#237;a</span> &#40;official publication of the SENEC&#41; and 87&#37; of neurosurgeons have some work published in said journal&#44; on average four articles per author&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the personal authorship and impact quotients &#40;PAQ and PIQ&#41;&#44; the marked differences between means and medians&#44; and the high values of standard deviations and interquartile ranges&#44; two subpopulations seem to be differentiated&#58; a group with low bibliographic production that preferentially sign in 3rd to 15th place in the articles&#44; and a group of authors with greater production&#44; in which this proportion is much less marked &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Globally&#44; the greater the number of published works&#44; the lower the PAQ and the PIQ &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A and B&#41;&#46; Meanwhile&#44; as the PAQ increases&#44; so does the PIQ&#44; although to a lesser extent&#44; that is&#44; the increase in personal authorship is not accompanied by a proportional increase in IF &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; On average&#44; slightly more than 36&#37; of the articles are signed as first or second author&#44; although only about 25&#37; of the assigned IF is attributable to these works&#46; This study demonstrates that PAQ and PIQ show few differences between means and medians&#44; which is why they seem to be useful parameters for estimating values in populations with great internal variability&#46;</p><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Bibliometric indices of activity and impact</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are two methods for evaluating the scientific activity of an author&#58; the bibliometric indices of activity and those of impact&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The count of the total number of publications of an author &#40;N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span>&#41; or of a research group&#44; the co-authorship index &#40;average number of authors who sign the articles&#41;&#44; and the rate of co-authored articles &#40;proportion of articles signed by more than one author&#41;&#44; provide information on the quantity&#44; but not on the quality of the same&#46; The proposed PAQ emphasises the personal contribution &#40;as first or second author&#41; over the total number of articles published&#44; and provides a more realistic estimate of the individual&#39;s contribution to the volume of work in their CV&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The impact indicators analyse the number of citations received by an author&#39;s articles and provide an indirect measure of their quality&#46; The most used are the IF and the h-index&#46; The IF was introduced by Eugene Garfield in 1955 in an attempt to classify journals according to their relative importance within a scientific field&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The IF of a journal is the number of times an article published in that journal in the previous two years is cited on average in a year&#46; In reality&#44; the IF does not measure the quality of an article&#44; but rather the average number of citations received by the journal in which it is published&#46; In addition&#44; it does not take into account whether that particular article obtains citations or not&#44; that is&#44; it benefits from having been <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">placed</span> in a journal with a certain IF assigned&#44; a value that can vary considerably over the years&#46; The IF of the journals of the different subject areas are not directly comparable and&#44; in general&#44; the IF tends to be higher in basic science journals compared to clinical ones&#46; Moreover&#44; methodological and review articles tend to be more cited and therefore provide a higher impact index&#44; compared to original articles or clinical case studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In an attempt to mitigate the variability and deficiencies of the IF&#44; in 2005 the American physicist Jorge Hirsch published the so-called <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h-index</span>&#44; or n number of articles by an author that have received at least n citations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> This index is easy to use&#44; allows you to create reference indexes&#44; and grows over time as the author receives citations&#46; The main criticisms of this index are&#58; it is known that the number of citations does not directly reflect the quality of the work&#59; it is affected by the scientific field in which it is published and scientific trends&#59; it is affected by how long a researcher has been working &#40;the longer it is&#44; the higher their index will always be&#41;&#44; and authors from different areas cannot be compared&#46; But the biggest criticism is that authors with a lot of citations and others with very few can have the same h-index&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> This index is greatly influenced by co-authorship&#44; that is&#44; of articles in which one participates but without being the main author&#46; In fact&#44; in 2010 Hirsch himself published a variation of the h-index<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> &#40;the so-called h-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bar</span> index&#41;&#44; which rejects articles of co-authors with a higher h-index than that of the principal investigator&#44; in an attempt to compensate for this modifying effect due to co-authoring&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Advantages of the personal impact quotient &#40;PIQ&#41; vs&#46; the h-index</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The PIQ that we propose shows the personal contribution that requires more effort in bibliographic production&#44; that is&#44; that of being the first or second signatory&#46; Being a quotient&#44; it is not affected by the absolute value of the IF&#44; which we know differs greatly depending on the medical specialty&#44; the field &#40;clinical or basic&#41; or the subject area &#40;with fast- or slow-ageing literature&#41;&#44; making it possible to compare researchers from within the same area and from other scientific areas&#46; In contrast&#44; the h-index never decreases over time regardless of the evolution of the author&#39;s bibliographic production and whether or not he&#47;she signs more papers as first author&#44; so it indirectly favours <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">senior</span> researchers over <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">junior</span> ones&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;12</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The PIQ takes into account the augmentative effect of co-authorship&#44; precisely by disregarding it &#40;in a similar way to Hirsch&#39;s h-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bar</span> index&#41;&#46; Like the h-bar index&#44; the PIQ can and predictably does decrease over time&#44; given that the tendency in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">senior</span> authors is to sign in last place and to have lesser involvement in articles&#44; as we have verified in the sample that we present&#46; It seems to us to be an effective and probably fairer parameter&#44; given that it rewards a researcher&#39;s individual effort rather than their taking advantage of the group to which they belong&#46; This is important in order to assess young or mid-career researchers&#44; who are the ones that usually require funding for their professional career &#40;grants&#44; research projects&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; This PIQ somewhat attenuates the CV <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">boosting</span> effect of mutual support authorship&#46; In addition&#44; it allows a more objective comparison of the production of researchers belonging to the same area of knowledge&#44; or to different areas or specialties&#46; In the case of the sample of neurosurgeons that we describe&#44; on average only a quarter of the assigned IF would be attributable to the researcher as the main author&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">What is considered a balanced scientific CV&#63;</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The scientific production of the authors varies with the years&#44; personal circumstances&#44; affiliation or not with units or hospitals with a research tradition&#44; and is strongly conditioned by the healthcare activity and the scientific field in which they work&#46; At the present time&#44; there is no formal definition of what is considered a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">balanced CV</span> in terms of number of publications&#44; percentage of main authorship&#44; bibliometric impact or impact on social networks&#46; With the analysed sample&#44; we have verified that neurosurgeons only sign a third of their articles as main authors and that their personal IF is around 25&#37;&#46; In addition&#44; we have evidenced a tendency&#44; perhaps natural&#44; to decrease their personal contribution as the number of published articles grows&#46; Only 33 authors &#40;23&#46;9&#37;&#41; presented a PIQ&#8239;&#62;&#8239;50&#37;&#44; that is&#44; most authors take advantage of shared authorship with higher performing authors&#44; so that only 14 authors &#40;10&#46;1&#37;&#41; have published more then 50 articles&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It could be argued whether the last signatory&#44; often the head of the department or research group&#44; should be included in the authorship and personal impact quotients&#46; These authors generally guide and supervise the research and review the manuscript&#44; although they often do not contribute directly to its writing&#46; Currently&#44; the Agencia Nacional de Evaluaci&#243;n de la Calidad y Acreditaci&#243;n &#40;ANECA&#41; &#91;National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation&#93; considers the first&#44; last and corresponding author as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">preferential authorship</span> positions&#46; When we recalculate the PAQ and PIQ also taking into account the author who appears last or&#44; according to the ANECA criteria&#44; only the first&#44; last and corresponding authors&#44; the values increase in the first case and decrease in the second case moderately&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Study limitations</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The identification of authors may not be exhaustive given that there is no formal census of active neurosurgeons&#44; and the names were located through various sources&#46; A minimum of 7&#8211;10 authors per public hospital in Madrid and all active neurosurgeons with publications in Castile and Le&#243;n were guaranteed&#46; There is a possibility that the number of articles published by an author has been minimally underestimated given that the search and registration of articles was carried out by the study authors over a month&#46; The coding in PubMed of the names of the authors of the articles frequently varies&#44; and the same author can appear with different names&#46; To mitigate this effect&#44; we used the various combinations of name&#44; surname and initials of each author during the article search&#46; Finally&#44; the findings in two Spanish autonomous communities&#44; although different demographically&#44; may not be representative at the national level and the conclusions cannot be extrapolated to other areas or countries&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Conclusion</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authorship and personal impact quotients that we present could represent scientific CV evaluation methods that are more effective and fairer than the IF or the h-index&#44; since they provide bibliometric information that does not take into account the augmentative effect of shared authorship&#44; which is so widespread in science in general&#44; and because&#44; being a quotient of impact factors&#44; it does not affect the gross value of the IF&#44; which depends on various circumstances and the thematic area in which the research is being conducted&#46; This allows the comparison of authors&#44; regardless of the stage in their professional career and their medical specialty&#46; In the sample of Spanish neurosurgeons studied &#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;183&#41;&#44; the median PAQ and PIQ were 0&#46;364 and 0&#46;251&#44; respectively&#46; Since there are no data in the literature from other medical or surgical specialties&#44; we encourage researchers to provide the rates for their specialty in order to analyse and compare these results&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Funding</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has not received any funding from the public or private sector&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with regard to the drafting of the manuscript&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2022-06-01"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1668187"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Authorship"
            1 => "Neurosurgery"
            2 => "Impact factor"
            3 => "Bibliometrics"
            4 => "Manuscript"
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          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1668186"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Autor&#237;a"
            1 => "Neurocirug&#237;a"
            2 => "Factor de impacto"
            3 => "Bibliometr&#237;a"
            4 => "Manuscrito"
            5 => "Art&#237;culo&#46;"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Assessment of scientific bibliographic production is a complex issue&#44; mainly based on the impact factor &#40;IF&#41; of the journals and the h index&#44; that quantifies the number of cites an author receives&#46; In order to estimate the bibliographic production and the influence of co-authorship among Spanish neurosurgeons&#44; we performed a PubMed search aimed to identify all papers published by a sample of neurosurgeons&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cross-sectional observational and regional study&#46; We identified a sample of 183 neurosurgeons from Madrid and Castilla y Le&#243;n Autonomous Communities&#46; The bibliometric information was gathered in March 2022 via PubMed free access website&#46; For each author we registered the type of journal&#44; total number of articles&#44; order of appearance in the authors&#8217; list&#44; total IF&#44; the proportion of articles signed as first or second author &#40;Personal Authorship Quotient &#91;PAQ&#93;&#41; and the percentage of IF attributable to those articles &#40;Personal Impact Quotient &#91;PIQ&#93;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 3&#44;592 articles from 183 authors were published in 412 different journals&#44; of which only 9&#46;9&#37; were pure neurosurgical journals&#46; Only 17 neurosurgeons &#40;9&#44;3&#37;&#41; had published at least one article as unique author&#46; The average number of articles per neurosurgeon was 20 &#40;median 9&#41; of which 57&#46;7&#37; were published in neurosurgical journals&#44; and 22&#44;2&#37; in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neurocirug&#237;a</span> &#40;official publication of the SENEC&#41;&#46; The average PAQ was 0&#46;367 &#40;median 0&#46;364&#41; and the average PIQ was 0&#46;317 &#40;median 0&#46;251&#41;&#46; Both proportions tended to decrease as the number of publications increased&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">On average&#44; Spanish neurosurgeons publish half of their articles in neurosurgical journals&#44; appear as first or second author in one third of the cases&#44; and the IF attributable to these papers comprise 25&#37; of the total IF&#46; The PAQ and PIQ provide bibliometric information that minimizes the enlarging effect on curriculum of massive co-authorship and allow comparisons among authors and different scientific fields&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Methods"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La evaluaci&#243;n de la producci&#243;n cient&#237;fica bibliogr&#225;fica es un tema complejo que fundamentalmente se basa en el factor de impacto &#40;FI&#41; de la revista en la que se publica y en el &#237;ndice h&#44; que cuantifica las citas que recibe el autor&#46; Para estimar la producci&#243;n bibliogr&#225;fica y el grado e impacto de la coautor&#237;a en los art&#237;culos cient&#237;ficos publicados por neurocirujanos espa&#241;oles&#44; se realiz&#243; una b&#250;squeda en PubMed de todos los art&#237;culos publicados por una muestra de neurocirujanos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional y transversal de &#225;mbito regional&#46; Se identific&#243; una muestra de 183 autores neurocirujanos de las Comunidades de Madrid y de Castilla y Le&#243;n&#46; La informaci&#243;n bibliom&#233;trica se obtuvo durante el mes de marzo de 2022 de la base de datos PubMed de acceso libre en internet&#46; Para cada autor se registraron el tipo de revista&#44; el n&#250;mero total de art&#237;culos publicados&#44; el orden de autor&#237;a&#44; el FI total de sus publicaciones&#44; el porcentaje de trabajos firmados como primer o segundo autor &#40;Cociente de Autor&#237;a Personal &#91;CAP&#93;&#41; y el porcentaje del FI achacable a dichos trabajos &#40;Cociente de Impacto Personal &#91;CIP&#93;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los 183 autores publicaron un total de 3&#46;592 art&#237;culos en 412 revistas diferentes&#44; de las cuales s&#243;lo el 9&#44;9&#37; eran revistas puramente neuroquir&#250;rgicas&#46; &#218;nicamente 17 autores publicaron alg&#250;n trabajo en solitario &#40;9&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#46; El promedio de art&#237;culos por neurocirujano fue de 20 &#40;mediana 9&#41; de los cuales el 57&#44;7&#37; se publicaron en revistas neuroquir&#250;rgicas y el 22&#44;2&#37; en la revista <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neurocirug&#237;a</span> &#40;publicaci&#243;n oficial de la SENEC&#41;&#46; El promedio del CAP fue de 0&#44;367 &#40;mediana 0&#44;364&#41; y el promedio del CIP fue de 0&#44;317 &#40;mediana 0&#44;251&#41;&#46; Ambos cocientes tendieron a disminuir a medida que aumentaba el n&#250;mero de art&#237;culos publicados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En promedio&#44; los neurocirujanos espa&#241;oles publican la mitad de sus trabajos en revistas neuroquir&#250;rgicas&#44; firman sus trabajos como primer o segundo autor en un tercio de los casos&#44; y el impacto achacable a esos trabajos es el 25&#37; del total&#46; Los CAP y CIP proporcionan informaci&#243;n bibliom&#233;trica que minimiza el efecto de engorde curricular de la coautor&#237;a masiva y pueden permitir comparaciones entre diferentes autores y &#225;reas tem&#225;ticas&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; The personal authorship quotient &#40;PAQ&#41; in the complete sample and in authors with more than 20 and 50 published articles&#46; &#40;B&#41; The personal impact ratio &#40;PIQ&#41; in the complete sample and in authors with more than 20 and 50 published articles&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Proportion of articles signed as 3rd to 15th author with respect to those signed as 1st or 2nd author &#40;vertical axis&#41; according to the number of articles published &#40;horizontal axis&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span>&#58; total number of publications indexed in PubMed&#59; N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; number of publications in which they appear as the first author&#59; N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; number of publications in which they appear as the second author&#59; N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3&#8722;15</span>&#58; number of publications in which they appear in 3rd to 15th position&#59; Last&#58; number of publications in which they appear as the last author&#59; Group&#58; number of publications in which they appear as belonging to a working group of more than 15 authors&#59; IQR&#58; interquartile range&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span> &#40;3&#44;592&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;767&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;600&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Standard deviation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#8722;223&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;138&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IQR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3224452.png"
              ]
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aggregated data from both autonomous communities regarding the order of authorship and total authorship of the sample of neurosurgeons &#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;183&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0030"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PAQ&#58; personal authorship quotient&#59; PIQ&#58; personal impact quotient&#59; N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span>&#58; total number of publications indexed in PubMed&#59; N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#58; number of publications in which they appear as the first author&#59; N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; number of publications in which they appear as the second author&#59; IF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1&#43;2</span>&#58; impact factor assigned to articles in which the author appears as the first or second signatory&#59; IF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span>&#58; IF assigned to all the articles published by the author&#59; IQR&#58; interquartile range&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#43; N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;1&#44;370&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N <span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span> &#40;3&#44;592&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PAQ &#40;N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#43; N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1&#43;2</span> &#40;3&#44;034&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span> &#40;10&#44;861&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PIQ &#40;IF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#43; 2&#47;IF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;367&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;317&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Standard deviation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;287&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">118&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;302&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;364&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;251&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;103&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#8722;223&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;341&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;967&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IQR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab3224450.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aggregated data of the complete sample &#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;183&#41; on the total number of articles&#44; signed as first or second author&#44; and personal authorship quotient &#40;PAQ&#41;&#46; Total impact factor&#44; of the articles signed as first or second author and personal impact quotient &#40;PIQ&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0035"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Average and median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PAQ &#40;1&#8239;&#43;&#8239;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PAQ &#40;1&#8239;&#43;&#8239;2 &#43; last&#8239;&#43;&#8239;corresp&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PAQ &#40;1 &#43; last&#8239;&#43;&#8239;corresp&#41; ANECA criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PIQ &#40;1&#8239;&#43;&#8239;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PIQ &#40;1&#8239;&#43;&#8239;2 &#43; last&#8239;&#43;&#8239;corresp&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PIQ &#40;1 &#43; last&#8239;&#43;&#8239;corresp&#41; ANECA criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of PAQ and PIQ indices considering <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">preferential authorship</span> as first and second author &#40;PAQ and PIQ 1&#8239;&#43;&#8239;2&#41;&#59; first&#44; second&#44; last and corresponding author &#40;PAQ and PIQ 1&#8239;&#43;&#8239;2 &#43; last&#8239;&#43;&#8239;corresp&#41;&#59; and first&#44; last and corresponding author &#40;PAQ and PIQ 1 &#43; last&#8239;&#43;&#8239;corresp&#44; following ANECA criteria&#41;&#46;</p>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 34. Issue 4.
Pages 194-202 (July - August 2023)
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Vol. 34. Issue 4.
Pages 194-202 (July - August 2023)
Clinical Research
Scientific authorship in neurosurgery
La autoría científica en Neurocirugía
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7
Rubén Diana-Martín, Pedro David Delgado-López
Corresponding author
pedrodl@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
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Tables (3)
Table 1. Aggregated data from both autonomous communities regarding the order of authorship and total authorship of the sample of neurosurgeons (N = 183).
Table 2. Aggregated data of the complete sample (N = 183) on the total number of articles, signed as first or second author, and personal authorship quotient (PAQ). Total impact factor, of the articles signed as first or second author and personal impact quotient (PIQ).
Table 3. Comparison of PAQ and PIQ indices considering preferential authorship as first and second author (PAQ and PIQ 1 + 2); first, second, last and corresponding author (PAQ and PIQ 1 + 2 + last + corresp); and first, last and corresponding author (PAQ and PIQ 1 + last + corresp, following ANECA criteria).
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Abstract
Introduction

Assessment of scientific bibliographic production is a complex issue, mainly based on the impact factor (IF) of the journals and the h index, that quantifies the number of cites an author receives. In order to estimate the bibliographic production and the influence of co-authorship among Spanish neurosurgeons, we performed a PubMed search aimed to identify all papers published by a sample of neurosurgeons.

Methods

Cross-sectional observational and regional study. We identified a sample of 183 neurosurgeons from Madrid and Castilla y León Autonomous Communities. The bibliometric information was gathered in March 2022 via PubMed free access website. For each author we registered the type of journal, total number of articles, order of appearance in the authors’ list, total IF, the proportion of articles signed as first or second author (Personal Authorship Quotient [PAQ]) and the percentage of IF attributable to those articles (Personal Impact Quotient [PIQ]).

Results

A total of 3,592 articles from 183 authors were published in 412 different journals, of which only 9.9% were pure neurosurgical journals. Only 17 neurosurgeons (9,3%) had published at least one article as unique author. The average number of articles per neurosurgeon was 20 (median 9) of which 57.7% were published in neurosurgical journals, and 22,2% in Neurocirugía (official publication of the SENEC). The average PAQ was 0.367 (median 0.364) and the average PIQ was 0.317 (median 0.251). Both proportions tended to decrease as the number of publications increased.

Conclusions

On average, Spanish neurosurgeons publish half of their articles in neurosurgical journals, appear as first or second author in one third of the cases, and the IF attributable to these papers comprise 25% of the total IF. The PAQ and PIQ provide bibliometric information that minimizes the enlarging effect on curriculum of massive co-authorship and allow comparisons among authors and different scientific fields.

Keywords:
Authorship
Neurosurgery
Impact factor
Bibliometrics
Manuscript
Article
Resumen
Introducción

La evaluación de la producción científica bibliográfica es un tema complejo que fundamentalmente se basa en el factor de impacto (FI) de la revista en la que se publica y en el índice h, que cuantifica las citas que recibe el autor. Para estimar la producción bibliográfica y el grado e impacto de la coautoría en los artículos científicos publicados por neurocirujanos españoles, se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed de todos los artículos publicados por una muestra de neurocirujanos.

Material y métodos

Estudio observacional y transversal de ámbito regional. Se identificó una muestra de 183 autores neurocirujanos de las Comunidades de Madrid y de Castilla y León. La información bibliométrica se obtuvo durante el mes de marzo de 2022 de la base de datos PubMed de acceso libre en internet. Para cada autor se registraron el tipo de revista, el número total de artículos publicados, el orden de autoría, el FI total de sus publicaciones, el porcentaje de trabajos firmados como primer o segundo autor (Cociente de Autoría Personal [CAP]) y el porcentaje del FI achacable a dichos trabajos (Cociente de Impacto Personal [CIP]).

Resultados

Los 183 autores publicaron un total de 3.592 artículos en 412 revistas diferentes, de las cuales sólo el 9,9% eran revistas puramente neuroquirúrgicas. Únicamente 17 autores publicaron algún trabajo en solitario (9,3%). El promedio de artículos por neurocirujano fue de 20 (mediana 9) de los cuales el 57,7% se publicaron en revistas neuroquirúrgicas y el 22,2% en la revista Neurocirugía (publicación oficial de la SENEC). El promedio del CAP fue de 0,367 (mediana 0,364) y el promedio del CIP fue de 0,317 (mediana 0,251). Ambos cocientes tendieron a disminuir a medida que aumentaba el número de artículos publicados.

Conclusiones

En promedio, los neurocirujanos españoles publican la mitad de sus trabajos en revistas neuroquirúrgicas, firman sus trabajos como primer o segundo autor en un tercio de los casos, y el impacto achacable a esos trabajos es el 25% del total. Los CAP y CIP proporcionan información bibliométrica que minimiza el efecto de engorde curricular de la coautoría masiva y pueden permitir comparaciones entre diferentes autores y áreas temáticas.

Palabras clave:
Autoría
Neurocirugía
Factor de impacto
Bibliometría
Manuscrito
Artículo.

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